I-Gnoseology - imigaqo kunye nezikhokelo ezisemgangathweni zeengxelo zamhlanje

Umnqweno wokufumana ulwazi luhlala luqwalaselwa njengenye yeempawu ezibalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni komntu ngamnye . Ngoko ke, iziseko zeepistemology - izikhokelo zefilosofi ezixutywe kwinkqubo yokuqonda - zafakwa kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ngako oko, ubudala balo bubizwa ngokuba yingxaki.

Yintoni i-gnoseology?

Ukufumana ingcamango jikelele yale candelo, umntu unokuqonda imvelaphi yegama ngokwalo. Yakhiwe kwiingcamango ezimbini zesiGrike: i-gnoseo - "yazi" kunye nelogos - "igama, intetho." Kuvela ukuba i-epistemology yenzululwazi yokuqonda, oko kukuthi, unomdla kwiindlela umntu afumana ngayo ulwazi, indlela yokungazi ukukhanyisa, imithombo yolwazi olucokisekileyo kunye nesicelo kwixesha elifundwayo.

Epistemology kwi Philosophy

Ekuqaleni, ukufunyanwa kokufumana idatha njengento yinto eyingxenye yophando lwefilosofi, kamva ibe yunithi ehlukeneyo. I-Gnoseology kwifilosofi yisebe ehlola imida yokuqonda. Liye lahamba kunye negatsha eliphambili ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo. Ngokukhawuleza xa abantu befumene uhlobo olutsha lomsebenzi wokomoya, kwakungekho ukungathandabuzeki ngokuqinisekiswa kobungqina bolwazi olufunyenweyo, ukungafani kwedatha yomhlaba kunye nenjongo ecacileyo yaqala.

Ingcamango ye-epistemology ayilwanga ngokukhawuleza, kunokwenzeka ukulandelela iinkcazo zayo ezicacileyo kwifilosofi yasendulo. Kwaye kwavela iintlobo kunye neendidi zokuqonda, uhlalutyo lobungqina bokuba nolwazi lwenziwa kunye nemibuzo yokufumana ulwazi lokwenene, eyaba yinto yokuqala yokungabaza-inkqubo eyahlukeneyo yokuqeqeshwa, yaqwalaselwa. NgeMinyaka Ephakathi, ngokunxulumene nokufunyanwa kwembono yonqulo yihlabathi, i-epistemology yaqala ukuchasana namandla omoya ukuba atyhiliswe nguThixo. Ngenxa yobunzima bomsebenzi ngeli xesha, uqeqesho luye lwaqhubela phambili.

Kwiziko elisekwe kwixesha elitsha, kukho utshintsho olubonakalayo kwifilosofi, ebeka phambili ingxaki yokuqonda. Udidi lwezesayensi luyadalwa, ngo-1832 kuya kuthiwa yi-epistemology. Ukuphumelela okunjalo kwenzeka ngenxa yokuqwalaselwa kwakhona komntu kwindawo yakhe, uyayeka ukuba yinto yokudlala ezandleni zamandla aphezulu, athola ukuthanda kwakhe kunye noxanduva lwakhe.

Iingxaki ze-epistemology

Imbali ecebileyo yokuqeqeshwa kunye nezikolo ezihlukahlukeneyo zivulela kuyo imibuzo efuna impendulo. Iingxaki eziphambili ze-epistemology, eziqhelekileyo kuzo zonke izikhokelo, zilandelayo.

1. Izizathu zokuqonda . Kuthetha ukufumana izinto ezifunekayo zokufumana iinkcazo zento eyenzekayo. Kukholelwa ukuba ziquka isidingo sokulindela iziganeko ezizayo kunye nobunzima beenkqubo, ngaphandle kokuba le mpendulo kwimisebenzi emitsha iza kubambezeleka ngokukhawuleza.
2. Imiqathango yokufumana ulwazi . Ziquka izinto ezintathu: imvelo, indoda, kunye nefom yokwakheka kwenyaniso ekuqaphelisweni.
3. Khangela umthombo wolwazi . I-Epistemology ihlola le ngongoma ngoncedo lwenani leengxaki ezimele zinikeze ngcamango yenkampani yokuqala yolwazi, into yokuqonda.

Epistemology - Iindidi

Kwindlela yokuphucula ingcamango yefilosofi, ezi zinto zilandelayo zihamba phambili kwiindawo zokufunda.

1. Ukunyaniseka . Umgca wenyaniso yizitho zengqondo, akukho ntlukwano phakathi kokubona komntu kunye neemeko zangempela zezinto apha.
2. Sensualism . Ibonisa ulwazi kuphela ngesiseko seengqondo, ukuba zingekho, ngoko ingcaciso engqondweni ayibonakali, kuba umntu uhlala kuphela kwiintsingiselo, kwaye ngaphaya kwazo ihlabathi alikho.
3. Ngqiqo . Ulwazi olwenene lunokufumaneka kuphela ngoncedo lwengqondo ngaphandle kokuqwalasela idatha edluliselwa ngentsingiselo , ephazamisekile inyaniso.
4. Ukungaqiniseki . Unokungabaza kuyo yonke indawo yolwazi, umyalelo wokungavumelani noluvo lwamagunya, de kube kuhlolwa kwakhe.
5. Agnosticism . Uthetha ngokungakwaziyo ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ihlabathi - zombini iimvakalelo kunye nengqondo zinika kuphela iziqulwazi zolwazi ezinganeleyo ukufumana umfanekiso opheleleyo.
6. Ithemba lokuqonda . Ukholelwa ekubeni unokufumana ulwazi olunzulu lwehlabathi.

Epistemology yanamhlanje

Inzululwazi ayikwazi ukugxininisa, ithonyelwe kwinkqubo yophuhliso ngempembelelo yamanye amacandelo. Kulo nqanaba langoku, iinjongo eziphambili ze-epistemology ziyizinto ezinengqiqo, ukungaqiniseki kunye ne-agnosticism, ezixutyushwa kwinqanaba lee-disciplinary. Ukongeza kwifilosofi, kwengqondo, indlela, i-informatics, imbali yesayensi kunye neengcamango zifakiwe apha. Kucingelwa ukuba ukuhlanganiswa kwezi ndlela kuya kunceda ukuqonda ingxaki ngakumbi, ukuphepha ukufundisisa.

Epistemology: iincwadi

1. S.A. Askoldov, "Epistemology. Amaqaku » . Imigaqo ye-epistemology, ehambelana nomgaqo we-panpsychism ohlongozwa ngu-AA Kozlov, ichazwe. Umbhali wamanqaku uqhubeka nophuhliso lwayo.
2. UMnu Polani, "Ulwazi loBuntu" . Kuzinikezele ekufundeni uhlobo lolwazi ngokubhekiselele kwintsebenziswano yefilosofi kunye neengqondo ze-cognition.
3. L.A. Mikeshina, "Ifilosofi yolwazi. Izahlulelo . " Ichaza imiba eseleyo kumshini wokutshisa emva okanye ukuphikisana.