Abantu bangasabela ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwisiganeko esifanayo, kuba elowo unemibandela yazo. Enye yezona zibalulekileyo zifundo zifunda i-psychology yobudala, eqwalasela iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso.
Ingcamango yobudala kwiengqondo
Uhlalutyo olupheleleyo ngakumbi lokuphuhliswa kobuntu, i-gradation iyakwamkelwa kwizigaba zobomi. Ziyakwazi ukuqwalaselwa kwisakhelo seendlela ezi-4 zokuvavanya kwiminyaka ephile.
- I-Biological - isekelwe ekubunjweni komzimba.
- Iengqondo- ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zokuziphatha.
- Ubudala bezenhlalakahle kusezikweni zengqondo kwinqanaba lokwamukelwa kwendima nemisebenzi yoluntu.
- I-physics- ihlola kuphela inani lexesha elihlala kuyo.
Ukususela kwindawo yokujonga ibhililo, umntu unokuhlula indlela yokuphila ezi zilandelayo:
- abantwana - ukuya kwiminyaka eyi-16;
- abaselula - iminyaka eyi-16-21;
- abavuthiwe - ukuya kwiminyaka engama-60;
- asebekhulile - ukususela kwiminyaka engama-60.
Ingqondo yezingane
Iimodeli zokuziphatha zobomi bexesha elilandelayo zibekwe malunga nokuzalwa. Ngenxa yoko, ingqondo yengqondo yabantwana ijolise ekunikezeni imizekelo emihle. Abaphandi banamhlanje bakholelwa ukuba umntwana uqala ukwazi umhlaba ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwakhe, ngoko ke, ootitshala bezontanga bahlala ekugqityweni kwemfundo eprayimari, kwaye ngabazali kuphela abajongene neziseko.
Kukho uluvo lokuba abantwana abaneminyaka engaphantsi kwe-3 kuphela bafumana oko kwenzekayo, kwaye xa befikelela kwiminyaka yokujika bazama ukuphazamisa ihlabathi elibangqongileyo. Oku kuphawulwe ngethuba lokuqala kwemigaqo yokuziphatha. Emva koko utshintsho lwangaphambili lweengqondo luzuza ubunzulu obunzulu, kwaye ukwazi ukuqonda iimpawu ezingenayo kubonakala. Xa uneminyaka engama-5 ubudala, abantwana banomdla kwizizathu zeemeko, ngeli xesha loyiko luyazalwa.
Emva kokungena kwesikolo kukho enye inguqu enzulu ehambelana nokufunyanwa kwamanqaku omhlaba omtsha. Iimbono eziphathekayo zisalondolozwa, kodwa kunye nokuqonda izinto ezisisiseko zokusebenzisana ziyaqala ukubonakala. Kancinci, abantwana bafika ekuqhelweni komntu ngamnye kunye nomnqweno wokuziveza. Kubalulekile ukuba abazali baxhase, baholele impembelelo.
Psychology of adolescence
Ngeli xesha, umnqweno wokuzibonakalisa kunye nokuzibonakalisa ukuzimela uya kufinyelela kwinqanaba. Inkwenkwezi yobudala beminyaka yobudala ithola ubunzima ngenxa yobume bemeko: umntu unokukwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi, kodwa ufuna ukunyamekela izihlobo kunye nempembelelo yazo. Umnqweno wokufumana ukhululo lobomi udibaniswa nesimo sengqondo esinamafutha. Ingqondo yengqondo iphakamisa ngeli xesha ukwakha umgaqo othethekileyo wokuziphatha ukwenzela ukuba umntu angaziva ekhutshelwe inkululeko kwaye angaqonda iingcebiso.
I-Psychology Age Age
Ngeli xesha, kukho ukukhawuleza kwintlungu kunye neengxaki ezininzi. Ingqondo yesigulo, ubudala obukhulileyo, icinga ibakala eliphambili, ngelixesha apho kukho ithuba lokugubha abantu abajikelezileyo, kwaye baqhubeke nokuphuhlisa kwabo. Iifom sele zilungele ukuxhoma kwiindawo zokomoya, ezengqondo, zokudala, kwaye kunomdla wokwenene kulo.
Phakathi kwezihlandlo ezintle, i-psychology yobudala idlala ithuba lokudlulisela ulwazi kwisizukulwana esincinci, ukuqinisa ukuvakalelwa. Kwimeko engathandekiyo, kuza ixesha lokuxhamla, ukubhujiswa, ukucwiliswa kwiimeko ezibuhlungu. Ukukhula kukubonakaliswa ngumqondo wokuzinza, odibeneyo kunye nemibuzo eqhubekayo malunga nokuchaneka kokhetho olwenziweyo kunye nokufezekiswa kwalo.
Psychology ya badala
Ngexesha lokuguga, utshintsho luvela kuwo onke amanqanaba. Ukuhlaselwa kwempilo, umhlalaphantsi, ukunciphisa isangqa soqhagamshelwano kukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwengqondo engento. Ngenxa yokunciphisa amandla okulungelelanisa, ixesha elikhulu lexesha elikhululekile linomdla wokunganakwa, kunciphisa umnqweno wokufunda into entsha. Uncedo ngeli xesha lingasondela, linike ithuba lokuba umntu omdala aphinde aphinde abe ncedo.
Emva kweminyaka engama-60, isimo sengqondo ebomini siyashintsha, abantu bahlawula ingqwalasela encinane ekubonakaleni, kugxininise kwimpilo nangaphakathi. Ixabiso lokuphila liphakama, ukuzola nokuqonda kuyavela. Ukubuthathaka kolawulo kubonisa izinto ezazifihliwe ngaphambili, ngoko kudlalwa ukuba uphawu lomntu osekhulile luye lwatshintsha ngokugqithiseleyo.
Ingqondo yengqondo - ubudala
Kwinqanaba ngalinye lophuhliso, umntu kufuneka anqobe ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi okanye iintlungu ezihlobene neminyaka. Ngokuhamba kweziganeko ezinjalo zidlula zonke, kodwa ezinye zihlangabezana nobunzima obukhulu kunye nokuguquka kwempumelelo kwinqanaba elitsha labantu abadala. Ingqondo yexesha elidala iqhubana nokufundwa kweengxaki ezinjalo, ukunikezela kwisinyathelo ngasinye sokuphuhliswa kwesinye ukuya kumanqaku amahlanu. Iimpawu ezidumileyo ziyi-3, 7, 13, 17, 30 kunye neminyaka engama-40.
Inkxalabo yeminyaka emithathu kwimiqondo yengqondo yengane
Umngcipheko weminyaka ebantwaneni awunayo imida ecacileyo, isigaba esithi "mna ngokwam" siqala malunga neminyaka emithathu, kodwa ngoku kaninzi ngoku ukuhamba kwebha ye-bar ukuya kwiminyaka emi-2. Kule ngongoma, umntwana uya ngokunyusa ukuxhaswa ngabantu abadala, bezama amandla abo. Uba ngongenangqondo kwaye enenkani, abazali kufuneka baxoxe nabo ngezinto ezenziwa ngaphambili kwisicelo. Izizathu zolu tshintsho zanele ukuphuhliswa kwemisebenzi elula, ukwandisa umdla kunye nokufumana amathuba okuchaphazela imo.
Umntwana ubona ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi akadingi uncedo lwabantu abadala kunye nokuzithemba kwakhe ukuzama ukunikela ngokupheleleyo. Ngenxa yoko umnqweno wokwenza konke ngokuchasana nabazali abazama ukukhawulela ukuzimela kwakhe. Ngokuqhelekileyo abantwana bazama ukubiza ukuba bafanele, ngaphandle kokuyeka unina ngaphandle kwendlu, befuna ukuba bangabathinti amathoyizi akhe. Ukuba kukho abantwana abaningana, kuya kuba nomona, kuba kufuneka babelane ngamandla abo.
Ingqondo yengqondo yobudala - inkathazo kumntwana oneminyaka engama-7
Utshintsho olulandelayo lwesigxina ludibene nokungena esikolweni, ngeli xesha umntwana uqala ukuqonda ukuba khona kweendima zentlalo kwaye uzame yena ngokwakhe. Iingxaki zobuntwana zibonisa ukuphunyezwa kokuzimela. Kwiminyaka engama-3 ibandakanyeka kuphela isicwangciso senyama, kwaye umqambi wokuqala uqala ukuqonda ukuba ihlabathi lakhe langaphakathi lizimeleyo kubazali bakhe. Umntwana uqala ukuqonda ukuba kukho uxanduva, unokudlala kuphela emva kokufeza imisebenzi yakhe.
Kule minyaka, umzimba uphinde utshintshe, ovula amathuba amatsha. Umntwana akakholelwa ukuba wayekade engenakunceda kwaye wayekholelwa kwiimbali zamagama. Ngoko ke, amathoyizi amathandayo ayaphoswa ngaphandle ukuze angaboni izikhumbuzo zelo xesha. Kunomdla kuzo zonke izinto ezintsha kunye ezingenakuqondakala, eziza kuba nomona ngenxa yengxoxo yedwa kunye nezolileyo ngenxa yengqumbo yokuba ulwazi olubalulekileyo lufihliwe kuye. Ixesha lokufunda ukuzithiba ukubonisa iingcamango ezifanelekileyo nokukhusela impendulo enamandla.
Ingqondo yexesha elidala - ubunzima obuyiminyaka eyi-13
Le yintlupheko yobuntsha , ngexesha apho kukho inqanaba elitsha lokucinga ngokusekelwe kwimiqondo. Izitatimende ezigunyazisiweyo asaneleyo, nayiphi na imbono idinga ubungqina obuya kufaniswa neemvakalelo zakho. Kukho umbuzo kwimibono yefilosofi, ukugqithisa kuya kuqondwa ngakumbi, ngoko ke kuzo zonke iintlobo zobugcisa zobugcisa ziba lunomdla kakhulu. Phakathi kwezibonakaliso ezimbi kunokufuna umnqweno, ukunganeliseki kunye nokuxhalabisa.
Ingqondo yexesha elidala - ubunzima beeminyaka eyi-17
Inkqubo yokuguquka kumntu omdala ibandakanya imingcipheko emininzi, enye yeyona nkathazo ebusheni. Kule nqanaba, ukwamukelwa kokugqibela kwendima yabo yentlalo, kunye nokukhethwa kobugcisa. Ezinye iziphazamiso ezisakhulayo zihlala zikhona, umnqweno onamandla kakhulu wokubonakalisa ukuzimela, ukuzama isandla sabo ekufumaneni ubungqina bokubaluleka kwabo.
Ingqondo yexesha elidala - ubunzima obuyiminyaka engama-30
Kancinci, umzekelo wokuziphatha wobutsha unqabile ukukholisa, ukuvula ingxaki entsha. Kuza ukuqonda ngobungqina bendlela ehambileyo, kukho ukungathandabuzeki malunga nokuchaneka kwayo, kunokubakho ukuqaphela ngamathuba angaphoswa. Ngokuqhelekileyo ngeli xesha kukho utshintsho lwezinto eziphambili, abantu bazama ukuphumelela. Xa kungenakwenzeka ukuphucula imeko yabo, izimo ezidandathekileyo, ukungabikho, ukungapheli, ukunyuka kwengxaki.
Ingqondo yengqondo yobudala - ingxaki yeminyaka engama-40
I-Psychology, inkathazo eneminyaka engamashumi amane ibonakala njengento yokuguquka ebomini. Eli xesha lophuhliso oluphezulu lweempawu zabo, umntu uziva ezalisekile ngokupheleleyo, uyeka ukuvulela entsha. Le nkathazo ivela kwingxaki yeengxaki ezingaphendulwanga kwiminyaka engama-30, ukunyanzelisa kwakhona ukufuna intsingiselo yobukho. Ngokuqhelekileyo iinkqubo ezixutywe kunye neengxaki zeentsapho, ezichazwe ngokupheliswa koxhaswa kubantwana nakwalamane asekudala, umsebenzi awunako ukwanelisa.