Yintoni enika ilungelo lohlanga olunye ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu komnye kunye nokuthobela isithunzi kunye namalungelo? Ulwahlulo, njengengqungquthela yexesha elidlulileyo, lugcinwa kwamanye amazwe kwaye alukhawulelwanga kuphela kulwahlulo phakathi kweentlanga, kodwa lukhona nakwiindawo zoluntu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo: ezopolitiko, inkolo, ingcamango.
Ulwahlulo - yintoni na?
Ulwahlulo luhlobo lokucwasana ngokobuhlanga, olubandakanya ukuhlukana ngokunyanzeliswa kweqela elithile labantu kwiindawo zobuhlanga okanye zonqulo. Imbali ende yokubunjwa kwabantu iyancipha ekuhlahleni kwezinye iintlanga ngabanye, ngokuqhelekileyo kuphela ngesiseko sokungafani kombala wesikhumba nendlela yokuphila kunye nezithethe. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu abanombala wesikhumba omhlophe bacinga ukuba balawulwa ngaphezu kobuzwe bombala. Ukoloni lweendawo zaseIndiya, i-Afrika kunye neMntla Melika bubungqina bolu.
Umzekelo woluhlu lolwahlula -bandlululo - umgaqo-nkqubo wokuhlukana kohlanga lwabantu baseBantu kwiRiphabhliki yaseMzantsi Afrika kwaphela ngokusemthethweni kwaze kwaba ngo-1994. Ingundoqo yokuhlukana kwaba ngolu hlobo:
- indawo yokuhlala eyahlukileyo yeBantu ngokubhekiselele kwiindawo ezikhuselekile;
- ukunyanzelwa kwamalungelo oluntu;
- mgangatho ogqithiseleyo kunonyango;
- ukuhamba kwiindawo zokugcina izithuthi kuphela ezivunyelwe ukufumana;
- ukusebenza komsebenzi othile kuphela;
- ezahlukileyo: izithuthi zikawonkewonke, izibhedlele, izikolo, iiyunivesithi.
Ulwahlulo kwi-Psychology
Ulwahlulo kwizengqondo-ezi zinto ziqinisekisiwe ezinxulumene nobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu, xa umntu ebona omnye umntu kwi-prism yokufakela iindawo ezingathandekiyo, ezakhiweyo kwingingqi enikwe: indawo, inkolo, njl njl. I-psychology yezenhlalakahle ihlolisisa iimeko zokuhlukana, okubonakala ngokucacileyo kwimeko yeshumi elivisayo apho kukho ukwahlukana "kweyakhe" kunye "nabanye" kunye nentombazana ukuba ibe "yedwa" iqaliswe kwaye iphoqelelwe ukuthobela imithetho yeqela ukuba ingafuni ukuba yinkangala.
Iintlobo zolwahlulo
I-Ethnos ehlala kwiPlanethi yomhlaba ibonakaliswe yimpawu zabo ezikhethekileyo kunye neendlela ezihlukeneyo-konke oku kunika ukunambitheka okukhethekileyo, uhlobo luthanda ukuhlukahluka. Kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, ngokukhawuleza, ngokwemiqondiso emininzi, kukho ukwahlukana phakathi kweentlanga kuphela, kodwa nakwimimandla yonke. Ulwahlulo luqala ukuphazamisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zoluntu kunye nemigangatho yoluntu.
Iifom zohlulo:
- nkcubeko;
- Ngokwesondo;
- anthropological;
- i-caste (iklasi);
- bugcisa;
- isimo (intlalo).
Ulwahlulo loluntu
Ulwahlulo lithetha ntoni kuluntu? Ulwahlulo lwezenhlalakahle luhlelwe ngokwahlukileyo (de facto), oluvela ngokukhawuleza, ngokwalo kwintlalo yophuhliso loluntu, kunye nomthetho (i-jure) - ngokusemthethweni ngabaphathi: ukuthintela kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamalungelo entlalo. Imizekelo yokuhlukana kwezomthetho ekhoyo kumhla wethu:
- Ulwahlulo lwengqungquthela eCuba - abahlali basekuhlaleni abavunyelwe ukusebenzisa zonke iintlobo zeenkonzo eziza kubakhenkethi kuphela.
- Ulwahlulo lwabantu abasemakhaya kwi-PRC - abahlali basemaphandleni abanalo ilungelo lokuthuthela kwizixeko.
Ulwahlulo lohlanga
Ulwahlulo olumnyama lukho e-US iminyaka engaphezu kweyesibini, kodwa ngokwenene kakhulu kwaye lunokulandelwa kumaziko emfundo. Intlangano engalunganga ephezulu ye-Ku Klux Klan yahluma kwi-1860s. kwaye zibeke phambili iingcamango zobuphakamileyo bamhlophe ngokubhekiselele kumnyama - ukuphathwa ngokugqithisileyo ngabamnyama. Eminye imizekelo yobandlululo:
- ukuvinjelwa kwimitshato edibeneyo phakathi kwamaMelika kunye namaJapan;
- phantse ukuqeda ukutshabalalisa kwamaNdiya aseMntla Melika kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwamazwe abo ngekhulu le-XIX.
Ukuhlukana kobulili
Umntwana ufunda, akhula indawo ejikelezileyo, usebenzisana nabameli bobulili obuhlukile. Indawo yomdlalo ikwabala ngokucacileyo umdlalo kumakhwenkwe: amatanki, ukudubula, ukugijima kunye namantombazana: ivenkile, oomama-ntombi, imisebenzi yezandla. Ubundlobongela bezesini lukwahlula ngamaqela ngokubhekiselele kwisimo sokwabelana ngesondo, i-psychological identity. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho umzekelo xa inkwenkwe nentombazana zihlobo kwaye zikhetha ukuba nexesha lokubambisana-oku kubangela impendulo engalunganga kwabanye abantwana kunye negama elithi "umtshakazi nomyeni"!
Ngabantu abadala, ukuhlukana kobulili kubonakala kwiisethingi:
- phakathi kwendoda kunye nobhinqa ubungani kunye nobudlelwane obuthembayo, akunakwenzeka, kukho rhoqo ulwabelana ngesondo;
- Izikhundla eziphezulu kwezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho zilawulwa ngabantu kuphela.
Ulwahlulo lwenkcubeko
Inkcubeko yamazwe ahlukeneyo kunye namacandelo eentlanga, eyakhiwe ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka, i-domain yoluntu kunye nokwahlukana kweenkcubeko namhlanje kuyinkqubo eninzi echaphazela ikusasa kwaye ivumela ukuba kugcinwe izithethe kunye namasiko amazwe ngendlela engatshintshiyo. Ulwahlulo kwinkcubeko lwenziwa ngokuzimelela, indawo ehlukeneyo kunye nokuzimela, kubonakaliswe ngokungabikho kokufaniswa (ukunyulwa kwenkcubeko yenye i-ethnos) kunye nokunyamezela kwezinye iindawo "emgama".
Ulwahlulo lwabasebenzi
Ulwahlulo lobuchwephesha luyi-asymmetry nokungalingani kwiimarike zabasebenzi kunye nezenzululwazi ezihlobene ngokusondeleyo nokuhlukana kobulili. Ngokomlando, abafazi behlala bebuthathaka kakhulu kunesondo esomeleleyo, okwabakhuthaza ukuba balwe namalungelo abo. Kukho iintlobo ezi-2 zokuhlukana kwabantu:
- I-Horizontal - zonke izakhono zihlukaniswe zibe "yindoda" kunye "neyesetyhini", ngenxa yeendima zesini . Umfazi ufana nomongikazi, umfana, umfazi, umpheki, utitshala, unobhala. Indoda ugqirha, igosa, isayense-i-academician, umhlalutyi wezezimali. Ibhinqa kufuneka isebenze amaxesha amaninzi ukuphumelela kwimisebenzi "yindoda".
- Ulwahlulo oluqhelekileyo ukufumaneka okuphantsi kwemisebenzi ephakamileyo kunye nemisebenzi ehloniphekileyo yabasetyhini kumacandelo ezopolitiko, uqoqosho, ishishini. Ukucaca, ezi zilandelayo ziyasetyenziswa:
- "Ilayila yeglasi" - inqanaba elithile kumsebenzi, ngaphaya koko kunzima ukukhula;
- "Ukulala ngesondo" - ukuthambekela kwabasetyhini ukuhlala ixesha elide kwizikhundla zokuqala okanye izikhundla ezingahambisani.
Izizathu zokuhlula
Iingxaki zolwahlulo kuluntu olulandelayo, olukhula ngokukhawuleza lubaluleke kunanini ngaphambili. Kutheni kuhlulwa ulwahlulo lwee-facto, kukho iingcaciso ezininzi kulolu hlobo kunye nolunye uhlobo lokuhlukana lunemvelaphi yalo. Izizathu zokuhlula:
- I-Xenophobia - ukwesaba okungaziwayo komntu ongaziwayo, ngokungafani nabani na omnye, unokunyanzelisa ubandlululo lobuhlanga kunye nenkcubeko.
- Iipatheni kunye neendlela ezichaseneyo zoluntu - ezimiselwe kwiinkulungwane ezininzi zokufakwa kwengqondo, ukuphazamisa ukucinga ngendlela eyahlukileyo, ngendlela entsha. Iimpawu zesini kunye nokuhlulwa kwentlalo.
- Izizathu zomntu omnye umntu, ngokusekelwe kwi-egocentrism, iimvakalelo zokuphakama. Abantu abanjalo baba ngabagqugquzeli beengcamango ezahlukeneyo zeqela kunye negalelo ekugcinweni kolwahlulo kuluntu.