Ukwazisa kwangoku njengendlela yokufunda i-psyche kuqala yaqinisekiswa nguJ. Locke. Inkqubo kukugcina ingqondo yakho ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imigangatho kunye nezixhobo. Lithetha ukufundisisa ngokujulileyo kunye nokuqonda ngokomntu womsebenzi wakhe: iingcinga, iimvakalelo, imifanekiso, iinkqubo zokucinga, njl.
Inzuzo yendlela kukuba akukho mntu uyakwazi ukwazi umntu ongcono kunabo. Iingxaki eziphambili zokungeniswa kwee-intanethi yi-subjectivity and bia.
Kuze kubekho inkulungwane ye-19, indlela yokuzibonela yodwa yindlela yokwenza uphando lwengqondo. Ngelo xesha iingcali zengqondo zithembele kule mfundiso elandelayo:
- iinkqubo eziziwayo azikwazi ukuba zivela ngaphandle;
- iinkqubo zengqondo ziyakuboniswa kuphela kwisifundo ngokwakhe.
Enyanisweni, indlela yokwenza kwangaphambili kunye nokwazisa kwangaphambili yayiqhutyelwa ngumfilosofi uJokie Locke. Wahlula zonke iinkqubo zolwazi kwiintlobo ezimbini:
- Ukuqwalaselwa kwezinto zangaphandle.
- Uhlalutyo lwangaphakathi, uhlalutyo kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezijolise ekuqhubeni ulwazi olufunyenwe kwilizwe langaphandle.
Ukunqongophala kunye nokunciphisa indlela yokwenza kwangaphambili
Indlela yokwenza i-introspection ayilungile. Ezinye iingxaki zingavela ngexesha lophando:
- indlela yokuzithiba kwengqondo ayinabo bonke abantu, kufuneka iqeqeshelwe ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye i-psyche yezingane ayifumaneki ngokupheleleyo ukuphanda ngale ndlela;
- ukusetyenziswa okungenamsebenzi kwendlela;
- iziphumo eziphikisanayo;
- ukuzithoba kweendlela zokuqalisa.
Izizathu zokuthintela:
- Ukungakwazi ukuqhuba inkqubo kwaye ngokukhawuleza ukuyiqwalasela, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukugcina inkqubo yokubola yenkqubo.
- Ubunzima bokutyhila ubudlelwane obangela imbangela yecandelo lokuqonda, kuba kufuneka uhlalutye kunye neendlela ezingenakuqonda: ukukhanya, ukukhunjulwa.
- Ukubonakalisa igalelo kunceda ekwenzeni i-data yolwazi, ukuphazamiseka kwabo okanye ukusabalalisa.
Indlela yokwenza i-introspection yokuhlalutya ichazwe ngabafundi bezengqondo njengengcamango yezinto ngeengqungquthela zesiseko. Abafundi beli qhinga baqala ukubizwa ngokuba yi-structurists. Umbhali wale ngcamango yi-American psychologist uTitchener. Ngokutsho kwengqungquthela yakhe, ezininzi zezifundo kunye neziganeko ezibonwa ngabantu zidibeneyo. Ngaloo ndlela, le ndlela yokuphanda inguhlalutyo lwengqondo olufuna ukuzijonga ngokuzimeleyo kumntu.
Ukuqaliswa kwangaphambili kwenkqubo yindlela yokuchazela ukuqonda komntu ngeentlobo ze-dreary, oko kukuthi, iimvakalelo kunye nemifanekiso. Le ndlela yachazwa ngumlandeli weSikolo saseWurzburg yi-kloglogist uKülpe.
Indlela yokwenza i-introspection kunye neengxaki zokungena
I-Introspectionists inikezela ukwahlula iingcinga zeenkqubo eziphambili kunye nokuzibona emva kwezi nkqubo. Ingxaki yokwenza kwangaphambili kukuba umntu unako ukugcina kuphela iinkqubo ezivulelekileyo kuye. Ngokwahlukileyo kwendlela yokwenza izinto, ukuxela kwangoku kubhekisela kwimveliso yokuqonda njengento ehlukeneyo, kunokuba uxhumano oluqhelekileyo. Okwangoku, indlela yokwenza kwangethuba kwengqondo yenziwa kunye neendlela zokulinga ukuvavanya iingcinga kunye nokuqokelela idatha eprayimari. Isetyenziselwa kuphela ukufumana idatha, ngaphandle kokutolika okunye. Ukuqwalaselwa kwenziwa kwiinkqubo zengqondo ezilula: ukumelwa, ukuvakalelwa kunye nemibutho. Kwiingxelo-ngokwabo akukho zakhono kunye neenjongo ezizodwa. Kuphela iingqinisiso zokuqala ukuhlalutya ziqwalaselwa.