Imvakalelo, iimvakalelo kunye nokumela kubambe indima ebalulekileyo ebomini bomntu. Izinto ezininzi, izinto, iziganeko zeli hlabathi ziyakwazi ukudibanisa kuphela kunye nokuvakalelwa. Ubuntu bujonga impilo yobomi njengowona kuphela oyinyaniso, kunye nolwazi lokuphumla kuphela kwizinto ezifunyenweyo.
Yintoni yoSenationalism?
I-Sensualism yenye yeendlela ezithathwa ngayo ukuqonda abantu, ezivela kwiimbono zefilosofi zamaGrike zasendulo ezazikholelwa ukuba uhlobo olusisiseko kunye noluthembekileyo lwolwazi luvakalelwa kunye neemvakalelo. I-Sensualism (ukuqonda kwe-Latin sensus) yahlula yaba yingozi kwaye imodareyitha (kwezinye iimeko, impembelelo yengqondo yaqatshelwa). Njengemfundiso, ukuziphatha okubi kakhulu kwafumana ukuthandwa kakhulu kwiingqungquthela zefilosofi kwaye kwaqulethe oku kulandelayo:
- lonke ulwazi lwangaphandle, ulwazi, ingqondo ifumana kuphela ngeemvakalelo;
- Iingcamango ezizalwayo azikho, ingqondo "ibhodi ecocekileyo";
- ngesizathu akukho nto engayi kuvela phambi kwayo kwintliziyo;
- Ihlabathi langaphandle ngumthombo wolwazi;
- Ingqondo inentsingiselo kuphela.
Sensualism kwi Psychology
Iingcamango kunye nezikhundla zokutshatyalaliswa kwaba nefuthe elinamandla kwisayensi yengqondo yekhulu le-XVIII. Isifo sezilwanyana zaseJamani kunye nesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uWilhelm Wundt saqala ukuphucula i-psychology yezilingo: wafaka iimvavanyo, umsebenzi oza kubona ukuqonda okuphambili, apho i-architectonics yomphefumlo womntu yenziwa khona . I-Sensualism kwisingqondo sengqondo ephuma kwimfundiso yefilosofi, ukufunda ubomi beengqondo kunye nokuthembela ngokuyinhloko kwizinto ezivelayo. Kwixesha elizayo, ukuziphatha kwemvelo kwaguqulwa yaba yintlalo yengqondo.
Ukuzibonakalisa kweengqondo kwifilosofi
Ifilosofi yasendulo, eyayivela kwiGrisi yamandulo, yayidumile kwizikolo ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye nemigudu echaphazela ihlabathi lonke. Iintlobo zefilosofi zokuqala zentsholongwane zibhekwa njengeProgagoras neEpicurus. I-Sensualism kwifilosofi yindlela "yesintu" esalathisa ukuxazulula iingxaki zokuqonda ukuchasana nokuqonda kunye nokuqonda, ngokusekelwe kwimibono yezizathu. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto kwasasazeka kuphela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18. Ndiyabulela umfilosofi waseFransi uVictor Cousin.
Igalelo elikhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwengcamango yolwazi lwenziwa nguJ. Locke kwaye kamva nguFebhu-philofilo u-Etienne Bono de Condillac. J. Locke, ngaphezu kokuvakalelwa kwintliziyo, kwakubalulekile ekuqondeni, kucingwa ngcamango, apho uE.B. de Condillac akakwazanga ukuvuma nokuthetha ngokucatshulwa, kungekhona kwinto ezimeleyo, kodwa kwinto yokuzibuyisa. Iingcamango ezisisiseko zikaCondillac ngobomi bengqondo:
- Kukho amaqela amabini enzameko. Iqela lokuqala - ukuva, ukubona, ukuvumba ukunambitha. Okwesibini kubhekisela kwingqondo yokuthintela.
- Umdla udlala indima ephambili ekufundeni ihlabathi langaphandle.
- Iinkqubo zokomoya ezenzeke ngokuzimeleyo ngaphandle kweemvakalelo ziyinto engafaniyo.
- Naluphi na ulwazi luqulethe ukuvakalelwa.
Uthini umahluko phakathi kobugcisa kunye nokukhathazeka?
Ifilosofi yamaxesha anamhlanje (ii-XVII - XVIII iikholeji.) Kwakunzima ukufumana iingxaki ekufundeni ihlabathi kunye neendlela zokunyaniseka. Kukho uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwezinto eziphambili zeengcali zefilosofi, ukulungelelanisa, ukukhathazeka kunye nokukhwabanisa. Indlela yokumisela kunye neyokuvakalisa isondelelene kunye nezikhundla ezisisiseko kwaye iyachasene nokuqikelela. Ukuguquka kwemimoya yindlela, ukufunyanwa kwesofilosofi saseNgesi F. Bacon. Ubukhosi busekelwe kwimeko yamava, njengomlinganiselo wolwazi kunye nomthombo wolwazi.
F. Bacon wahluke phakathi kweendlela zokuzivelela, ukulungelelanisa nokukhangela. I-Sensualists "yizintuthwane", umxholo kunye noko baqokelele. Amagqabi - "izicabungulu" zibeka i-web yeengcinga ezivela kubo. Abaphehli bemimoya - "iinyosi" zikhupha i-nectar ngemibala eyahlukileyo, kodwa zithathile izinto eziphathekayo ngokwezobuchule kunye nobuchule babo.
Ulwahlulo oluphambili phakathi kobugcisa kunye nokukhathazeka ngokwe-F. Bacon:
- Ubukhosi buqonda ukubaluleka kweemvakalelo, kodwa ngokubambisana ngokuthe ngqo.
- Isizathu siyakwazi ukukhipha inyaniso kwimeko yamava.
- Ukucamngca ngokukhawuleza kwendalo kwintlupheko, kuthathelwe ingenelelo ngoncedo lokufunda iimfihlo.
Ukuthanda izinto eziphathekayo
Imvakalelo - eyona mthombo obaluleke kakhulu wolwazi, ukukhathazeka ngokuxhomekeke kuloluhlu oluzimeleyo kwizinto ezikhoyo ngoku, aluzange luhambelane, luhlulwe lube ngumbono wokwenza izinto kunye nokuthanda izinto eziphathekayo, ekugqibeleni, impembelelo yezinto ezizenzekelayo zangaphandle kwiintliziyo, zibandakanya ukubonakala kwintliziyo. Ummeli ocacileyo wokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo uJohn Locke.
Ukuzivelela
Ngokuchasene nobutyebi bezinto eziphathekayo bukaJohn Locke, iimbono zengqondo zibonakalisa, abaxhasi bezofilosofi uJerkeley noD. D. Hume. Ukuzivelela kweengcamango yifilosofi ephika ukuxhomekeka kweemvakalelo kwizinto zangaphandle. Imigaqo ephambili yale khokelo, eyakhiwa nguJerkeley and D. Hume:
- Indoda ayinayo imbono yokujonga izinto;
- Into eyahlukileyo ingabonwa ngokubaluleka komntu ngamnye.
- Umphefumlo ungummiselo weengcinga zonke.
- Umntu akakwazi ukuzimela yena, kodwa ukuzibonakalisa ngokwakho kunokunika ingcamango.
I-Sensualism - i-pros and cons
Inzululwazi yesayensi ihlala ixhomekeke kwiingcamango zefilosofi, ivela kubo ngamava eneminyaka eminyaka yokuqonda umphefumlo. I-Sensualism inefuthe ekuphuhlisweni kwengqondo yezovavanyo kunye nentsingiselo. Uhlalutyo lweembali neemvakalelo emisebenzini "Ukunyangwa kwemizwa", uE E. Condillac wenza inxaxheba ebalulekileyo kwisayensi, eyanconywa ngabafundi beengqondo. Kwixesha elizayo, i-psychology yaqaphela ukukhawulelwa kwentsholongwane kwiinkqubo zokuqonda. Iingxaki zokukhathazeka zibonakaliswe ngexesha lokulinga:
- Isenzo sengcamango asifanelanga nokuhlanganiswa kwemizwa.
- Ingqondo yoluntu yinkimbinkimbi kunokuba isetyenzisiwe.
- Umxholo weengqondo awukhawulelanga kuphela kwimifanekiso yentsingiselo kunye nemizwa.
- Isizathu sokuziphatha kunye nendima yezenzo ekwakheni imbonakalo ayikwazi ukucaciswa ngoncedo lwentlalo.