Ukuchithwa yixesha elibanzi kakhulu lezesayensi. Ukuba sibheke ngokukodwa kwixesha lokuqulunqwa kweengcinga kwifilosofi, ngoko ke inokuthi ibonakaliswe njengendlela yokubhaliweyo, ebonakalayo ukusuka kwinto ethile. Iingcamango ezingenakuchukumisa zidibanisa iziganeko kunye neziphumo zazo, zingasebenzisi kuphela imithetho yeengcamango, kodwa kunye nezinye iimpawu. Isiseko esona sizathu esiphezulu sokuba khona kwale ndlela kukudibanisa iimeko zendalo.
Ngesihlandlo sokuqala, uSocrates uthe malunga nokuqulunqwa, kwaye nangona intsingiselo yasendulo ingafani kangangoko kunye nelo xesha, ixesha lokubonakala kwalo libhekwa iminyaka engama-400 ngaphambi kwexesha lethu.
Indlela yokuqulunqa ibonisa ukuba kufumaneka ingcaciso ngokubanzi yombono ngokuthelekiswa kwamatyala athile ngaphandle kobuxoki okanye obuncinci kwiingcaciso zeenkcazo. Omnye umntu owaziwayo owaziwayo u-Aristotle wachaza ukuba uyanyuka ngokunyanisekileyo ukuqonda ngokubanzi.
Inkcazo yokuqulunqwa kweBacon
Kwi-Renaissance, iimbono ngale ndlela zaqala ukutshintsha. Waphakanyiswa njengendlela yendalo kunye neyona ndlela efanelekileyo ngokuchasene nokudumiweyo ngexesha le-syllogistic method. UFrancis Bacon, ngokuqhelekileyo uthathwa njengokhokho wenkolelo yesimanje ye-induction, nangona kungenakuqhaqha ukuthetha ngaye ngaphambili, uLeonardo da Vinci owaziwayo. Ingundoqo yeembono zeBacon malunga nokufakelwa kwinto ekufuneka yenzeke, kuyimfuneko ukuthobela yonke imithetho.
Indlela yokuphuhlisa ukuchongwa?
Kubalulekile ukwenza ukuhlolwa kweempawu ezintathu zezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo.
- Ukuphononongwa kweziganeko ezintle.
- Ukuphononongwa kwamatyala angalunganga.
- Ukuphononongwa kwala maxesha apho ezi zakhiwo zibonakaliswa ngokwezigaba ezahlukeneyo.
Kwaye ngoko ke unako ukuvelisa oko.
Ukutyalwa kweengqondo
Eli gama linokuthi liqikelelwe njenge-isiluleko ngumntu omnye kwelinye lezithuba zabo zehlabathi, ezibandakanya ukujongwa kwexabiso, iimfuno, iinkolelo. Ukongezelela, i-worldview eyimiselweyo ingaba yinto eqhelekileyo okanye yengqondo.
Indlela yokwenza i-induction motivation yindlela esekelwe ngu-Joseph Nutten we-psychologist owaziwayo waseBelgium. Kwenzeka kwiinqanaba eziliqela.
- Kwinqanaba lokuqala, ngokugqitywa kweziphakamiso ezingapheliyo, iinqununu eziphambili zokhuthazo lwazo zichongiwe.
- Kwinqanaba lesibini, loo mntu uyamenywa ukuba ahlele onke amanqaku afanelekileyo kwisigxina.
I-Nutten yachonga kwakhona iindidi eziphambili zezixhobo ezithintekayo ekubhekise kuyo:
- ukumelwa komntu ngaye okanye umbandela womxholo wesifundo;
- phuhliso lomntu;
- imisebenzi ejoliswe ekufumaneni umphumo oyifunayo, okanye ngamanye amagama, umsebenzi wobugcisa;
- zonxibelelwano zoluntu;
- msebenzi wokuqonda;
- izinto zonqulo:
- ukufunyanwa kwepropati;
- iindlela zokuzonwabisa, imidlalo.
Ingxaki yokuqulunqwa kwiinjongo zefilosofi yasungulwa phakathi kwekhulu le-XVIII. Wayekunxulumene nobuntu obudumileyo njengoDavid Hume noTomas Hobbes, ngaba bebuza inyaniso ngale ndlela. Ingcamango yabo eyona nto yayikukuba-nokuba ngaba kusekelwe kwiziphumo zesiganeko sezithuba zangaphambili, kunokwenzeka ukuba ugwebe iziphumo zesiganeko esiza kwenzeka kwixesha elizayo. Umzekelo wale nto unokusebenza njengengxelo-bonke abantu banomusa, kuba ngaphambili sasidibana kuphela. Ukwamkela indlela yokuqulunqwa njengendlela yokwenene yokucinga okanye akunjalo, le nto iyimfihlo kumntu wonke, kodwa enikwe eli xesha elide lobomi, kufuneka uvume ukuba kukho inkozo yeqiniso kuyo.