Ubuntu kwinkqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo uye wadlula amanqanaba amaninzi, kwaye ukuba ekuqaleni kwendlela yayo yonke imigaqo yehlabathi yachazwa kumbono wobuhedeni, wasezulwini, ngoko ke ukuphuhliswa kwentuthuko yobugcisa, izinto eziphathekayo ziza kuqala. I-Positivism idibaniswe ngokungenakuqhathaniswa nale ngxaki.
Yintoni ekhangayo?
Le yimiqathango yenkcubeko ngokubanzi ye-Western consciousness, eyathatha isikhundla se-feudal kwaye ibe ngumphumo wenkqubo yokubunjwa kwe-capitalist society. I-positivism yindlela echasayo ifilosofi kwaye isekelwe kwinto yokuba yonke into eyenziwa ngumntu unamhlanje iyimfuneko yesayensi. Umoya we-positivism waletha utshintsho kulawulo lokuziphatha: yonke into yokomoya, eya kumntu ithathe indawo yendawo yomhlaba. Inkolo, ifilosofi nezinye iimfundiso ezingabonakaliyo zaphazamiseka kwaye zagxeka, kwaye impumelelo yezokwelapha, ulwazi lwendalo, njl., Zanikwa inzululwazi yinyani.
Iipositivism kwifilosofi
Kwifilosofi, lo mkhuba wenziwa ngowe-1830 kwaye usalugcina impembelelo yayo, ukuba unqobe amanqanaba amathathu okuphuhliswa kwawo:
- iimeko zokufunda;
- u-empirio-ugxekwa;
- neopositivism.
I-positivism kwifilosofi yenzululwazi isekelwe kwimigaqo emibini. Eyokuqala kukuqatshelwa kwanoma yiluphi ulwazi oluchanileyo olunxulumene nolunye, kwaye okwesibini kubandakanya ukuququzelelwa kunye nokulawulwa kwezinto zenzululwazi eziqokelelwa kwaye zishwankathelwa. Ingundoqo yesimo sengqondo kukugcina, ukuvavanya nokulinganisa, ngokusekelwe kwimithetho eqinile yemvelo, ulwazi lomntu malunga naye, oko kukuthi, ngeenqobo ezithile.
KwiPositivism kwiNkcubeko
Umsekeli walolu lathiso, O. Comte, wayeqwalasela isayensi yolwazi lwesiseko kunye nokukholelwa ukuba, kunye nezinye iinzululwazi ezintle, ubhenela kuphela iinkcukacha ezithile. I-sociological positivism yafunda umgaqo ngokulungelelaniswa nezinye izinto zezenhlalakahle kwaye yayixhomekeke kwizinto ezentlalo zentlalo kunye neentlobo zayo zengqondo kunye ne-biologo-natureistic. U-Comte wayekholelwa ukuba urhulumente kufuneka athembele kwisayensi. Wanika igunya kuluntu kwiingcali zefilosofi, amandla kunye nezinto eziphathekayo ezinikezelwa ngabongxowankulu, kwaye i-proletariat yayimele isebenze.
I-Positivism kwi-Psychology
Isikhokelo sophando oluchanekileyo ludlale indima ebalulekileyo kwimbali yengqondo. Ukufuna ukwazi ukuba yintoni intsingiselo ye-positivism, kukufanelekile ukuphendula ukuba ngenxa yoko, "ukuzimela" kuye kwanda ngokukhawuleza. Ngokwezendalo zenzululwazi, i-psychology imi endleleni yayo, ixhomekeka kwiingcinga zobugcisa. Ukusuka kwintlupheko yefilosofi, iya kuba yenzululwazi ozimeleyo kunye noqeqesho lwezendalo zendalo, iindlela kunye nesimo sengqondo. Ekubusweni kwakukho inkqubela ecacileyo yolwazi lwangempela malunga neemeko zobomi bomphefumlo kunye nokuxhomekeka kwabo kwiinkqubo zemvelo zendalo.
I-Positivism - i-pros and cons
Isidingo sokwanda kweemfundiso zefilosofi, ezidibanisa iindlela ezinengqiqo kunye nezobugcisa kwisicwangciso esisenzululwazi esisodwa, sele sisekho, kwaye iimfanelo zayo ezingenakuthenjwa ziquka:
- Ukuzimela ngokuzimela kunye nokuzimela kwenzululwazi ekhulileyo kwifilosofi.
- I-positivism yanamhlanje inikezela ukuqhelaniswa kwanoma iyiphi ifilosofi kwisayensi yesinyani.
- Iintlukwano phakathi kwefilosofi yeklasi kunye neenkcukacha zesayensi zogqirha.
Ukusuka kwiimigodi kungabonwa:
- Ukungabikho kobubungqina bokuba ifilosofi yeklasi njengento ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhliseni nasekuphuhlisweni kwenkcubeko ayinasiphelo, kwaye izixhobo zayo zokuqonda ziphelile.
- Ingundoqo yesimo sengqondo ayiqondi kakuhle. Abasunguli bayo bafuna ukunciphisa yonke into ekufundiseni ulwazi, ngelixa i-qualitative feature of knowledge in science isingelwa phantsi xa kuthelekiswa namava emfundo kunye nenxaxheba nzima kwinzululwazi kwindlela yokusebenza kunye nesakhiwo sayo. Ngelo xesha, uhlobo lwolwazi lwemathematika aluchazwa kakuhle, ixabiso lokungahambisani nezesayensi lwenzeka, njalo njalo.
Iintlobo zeemposenti
Ulwalamano oluphakathi kwezi ngcamango njengepositivism kunye nepospositivism lulandelwa. Ezi zilandelayo zavela njengempendulo ebalulekileyo kwizinto ezinengqiqo. Abalandeli bakhe bathatha inxaxheba ekufundiseni uphuhliso lwezobunzululwazi kunye nesizathu sokuthi ulwalamano lwalo luhambisana njani. Abalandeli be-Positivist bakaKomte nguK. Popper noT. Kuhn. Bekholelwa ukuba inyaniso yembali kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwayo akuhambelani, kwaye intsingiselo yesayensi ayiphikisi ulwimi lwayo. Umlandeli we-positivist walo mkhonto akafaki izinto ezikhoyo zesayensi kunye nezesayensi zefilosofi.