I-Eugenics - imfundiso yokuphucula i-heredity yabantu, uhlobo lokhetho oluvumela ukuba ulawulwe i-pool pool. Kwakuyintandokazi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ezi zithuba zazisetyenziselwa amaNazi eHitler eJamani, ezahlula uluntu kubo. Kodwa ekuqaleni kwe-millennium entsha, izazinzulu zaphinda zavakalisa iingenelo zalo mfundiso yesayensi.
Eugenics - yintoni le?
Imigaqo ephambili ye-eugenics yabonwa kuqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 ngumfundi weNgqondo uFrancis Galton. Ngekhulu lama-20, oorhulumente abathile baqaphele le mfundiso ngokwenza isicelo esisebenzayo, kodwa imigaqo yokuziphatha kunye nokungabikho komsebenzi ophezulu ekusebenzeni kwaba ngumqobo. I-Eugenics iyinzululwazi enquma imigaqo yokuzenzekelayo, izazinzulu zihlula iifom ezininzi:
- Biomedical . Ukungenelela kwimfuza kuphembelele ukuphila kunye nempilo yabantu.
- Zichasa . Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamaqela abemi abakhethiweyo.
- Uxinzelelo . Ukunyanzeliswa koluntu kunqunywe ngcamango.
Ixabiso layo ligcinwe kwixesha elizayo le-eugenics, elivumela:
- ukuphepha ukuzala abantwana abaneziphene;
- ukuhlolisisa imibhangqwana emancinci ngokungaqhelekanga;
- yenza ibhanki yembewu kunye namaqanda ngamanani adumile.
Evgenika - "ngokuba" kunye "nokuchasene"
Ufunde ntoni ngo-eugenics? Le nzu lulwazi ihlola ukubonakaliswa kwezinto ezithile okanye izakhi zegesi kwindawo ethile. Izifundo zibonise ukuba iifom zenguqu zitshintsha xa:
- utshintsho;
- kukhethwa kwendalo okanye kwenzelwe;
- Ukudibanisa okungahleliyo kweentsholongwane kwiqela elithile;
- ukufuduka.
I-Eugenics ayiluncedo kuphela, kodwa ifundisa ngokuyingozi. Amava abonise ukuba imbono yokudala uluntu olungaphezu kwezinto ezithandwa ngabantu abaninzi litsalane ezininzi izazinzulu kunye namanani avela kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Kodwa le ntsikelelo yayiyimveliso yohlanga kunye nogonyamelo. Abaphandi bazama ukwahlula izikhundla:
- Impawu efanelekileyo . Unyaka ngamnye, umthwalo wendalo ukhula kwintlalo, unokuncedwa yi-eugenics: ukukhipha isisu, ukuhlaziywa kwamaqela emngcipheko.
- Into engalunganga . Kuze kube ngoku, akukho ncazelo yendlela kwaye kutheni iziphene zizuze ifa apho uluntu luye lwafuna ukuzinqumla khona.
Eugenics ezintle nezimbi
Iingxelo malunga neenzuzo kunye neengozi zokusetyenziswa kwezi zikhundla zenzele ezi ntlobo zeeugenics:
- Ezintle. Ukuphuculwa koluntu ngokufikelela kumgangatho wabameli abakhulu.
- Ukungalungi. Ukususa kwi-pool yolwazi lwababathwali beziphene.
I-eugenics engalunganga yafumana igama elidumileyo, abalawuli baseUnited States babenokuqala ukulwa nomonakalo woluntu ngobudlova ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kwimeko yase-Indiana, kwakukho umyalelo wokunyanzeliswa kwamanxila, ukugula ngengqondo kunye nezigwenxa ezinzima, kamva wabizwa ngokuthi "amaNdiya." Iminyaka engama-26 yayisetyenziswe kumazwe amane, kodwa ngaphandle kokusebenza kakuhle.
Eugenics ezintle
I-eugenics ekhuthazayo ikhuthaza ukuzalwa kwenzala ngeentsholongwane ezingcono, kodwa ayizange ifumane inkqubo yokuphuhliswa yodwa, njengoko yayingakaze yenziwe:
- inkcazo ecacileyo yintoni na iimpawu ezinqwenelekayo kwaye ezingekho;
- iindlela ezifanelekileyo;
- ulwazi malunga nemfuza yeempawu ezixabisekileyo.
Ngako oko, amanyathelo e-eugenic awanakunyulwa kuphela kumzamo wokuthintela ukudluliselwa kwezilwanyana ezinobunzima. Imbali inemizekelo emibini yale sicelo ephumelelayo:
- Inkqubo yokuthintela i-thalassemia, ebizwa ngokuba yi-sickle cell disease, eSardinia.
- Ukuhlanjululwa kwemitshato e-Israel, oku kwenziwa ngumbutho okhethekileyo. Oku kwaba yimfuneko ngokubonakaliswa okukhawulezayo kwiintsapho ze-gene Thea-Saks, inzala kuphela kumaYuda. Iyakuchukumisa ukuzalwa kwabantwana abagulayo kakhulu, ukuba isibini sichazwa ngumzimba onjalo, bayadangelwa emtshatweni.
Eugenics ezibi
I-eugenics engalunganga i-postulates ecacileyo, kuba iimpawu ezingafuneki zilula ukuchaza. I-genetics yabo iqhutyelwa phambili yocwaningo lwezesayensi, enceda ukuphepha ukubonakaliswa okunjalo. Kodwa olu lathiso lwazihlambela ngobonakaliso obundlobongelayo:
- ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto ezingafaniyo zoluntu kwiJamani laseJamani;
- umthetho wokumisa inzala;
- thintela imitshato.
Injongo yale ndlela ikususa amajethi angafunekiyo, kodwa ukufakelwa kuye kwabangela amawaka ezinkathazo zomntu. Kuze kube ngoku, akukho datha ecacileyo, ingaba ezo ndlela zanceda ukukhula ukhula "udoti ofuzo lwamafu" kwintambo yama-Aryans ekuqaleni kwekhulu lokugqibela. Kodwa ukwehla kwipesenti yokuzalwa kwabantwana abanesifo sokuhluthwa eSweden, xa kwakunomthetho wekhulu le-18 umgaqo womtshato kubantu abanoxilongo, abaphengululi babhala.
Uhlanga kunye no-eugenics
Abantu bahlala becinga ukucwasana kunye ne-eugenics iimfundiso ezifanayo, kodwa oku akunjalo. I-Eugenics, njengenzululwazi, ihlakulela iindlela zokuphucula iimpawu zabantu ezifa kunye nokukhusela ukuhlaselwa kwe-gene pool. Kwaye ngenxa yokucwasana ngokobuhlanga - izityholo zokungafani kweentlanga ezithile, kuphela ngesiseko sombala wesikhumba, umbala weenwele okanye amehlo, ubuzwe bobuzwe obuthile. Impilo, ubuchule , ubunako-into exabiswayo ekukhetheni i-eugenics, ubundlobongela buyibala ngokupheleleyo.
Iingxaki zokuziphatha ze-eugenics
Ingxaki ye-eugenics ibizwa ngokuba ngumgaqo-nkqubo, ngenxa yokulondoloza ubomi kubantwana abanentshintsho kunye nobuthathaka emzimbeni kuchaphazela kakubi i-gene pool. Kukho ukuphikisana: imigaqo yobuntu ikhusela nayiphi na umphefumlo, kwaye ngexesha elifanayo likhokelela ekuhlaleni kwabantu. Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ukuba ukulawulwa kwemfuyo kunceda ukusindisa uluntu kwiintsholongwane kunye nezifo, zonke iindlela zichanekileyo. Uninzi lwabaphandi aluxhasi iimbono ezinjalo ze-eugenics, ekholelwa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuphumeza ukuphuculwa, kwaye kungabonakali.
I-Eugenics - inyaniso enomdla
I-Eugenics kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje lifumene isicelo kwiinjini zobunjineli-uphuhliso lweendlela zokunciphisa izifo ze-genetic . Ngoncedo lwemigaqo-siseko yale nkqubo, oku kulandelayo kuphuhliswa:
- kwisifo sofuzo;
- ukulungiswa kwe-genome yeqanda;
- ukuzala.
Indlela efanelekileyo yakha isayensi eyayibizwa ngokuthi "i-eugenics entsha". Ukuxhasa ukuphunyezwa ngokuchanekileyo kwemigaqo-siseko kuyinto ekhangayo. Kwada kwaphakathi kwe-60 yekhulu lokugqibela, iSingapore yayingenye yamazwe ahluphekayo kwihlabathi lesithathu, kodwa emva kweeminyaka emininzi yajika yaba namandla amakhulu. Yonke le nto - ngokubonga kumgaqo-nkqubo wezenhlalakahle, imibutho ekhethekileyo yenze imitshato esekelwe kwinqanaba leengcaphephe, kunye nolutsha lusebenza oogqirha beengqondo kunye noogqirha.
Abantwana abazalwa ngamabini abanikiweyo banelungelo lokukhulula imfundo, benza umsebenzi obalaseleyo. Isibindi esihle saba yimigaqo enjalo, ebolekwe kwi-eugenics:
- Abasetyhini abangenayo imfundo ephakamileyo bahlawula ixabiso lokuzalwa komntwana wesibini;
- abangafundile kunye nezibini eziqinileyo eziqeqeshiwe zinikwe inzalo, imbuyekezo yayiyindlu entsha;
- Isiqabane esinezifundo kunye nesempilweni kwakufuneka sizalise ubuncinane abantwana abathathu, apho babe namalungelo avela kwilizwe.
Eugenics - iincwadi
Imigaqo ye-eugenics ithande abaninzi abaphandi bamazwe ahlukeneyo. Ezona ziwayo kakhulu namhlanje:
- "I-eugenics yaseRashiya" uVladimir Avdeev. Umbhali ubeka zonke izikhundla ezikhoyo zale mfundiso, ukuze umfundi enze uluvo lwakhe kwi-eugenics eRashiya.
- "I-Transaevolution. Ixesha lokubhujiswa kwabantu " uDaniel Estulin. Le ncwadi inikezelwe kwi-cryptopolics eyimfihlo yeenkokheli zamazwe amaninzi.
- "Inkqubela yexesha elizayo lomntu. I-Eugenics yekhulu lama-XXI " nguJohn Glad. Iimpawu eziphambili zentshukumo ye-eugenic, indima yayo ekudalweni kwendoda yesizukulwana esilandelayo, ichazwe.