U-Agnosia yintlupheko ebonakalisa ukungasebenzi kakubi kweentlobo ezithile zokujonga. I-Pathology ichaphazela abantu banoma yiphina iminyaka. Umntu ngenxa ye-agnosia unokulahlekelwa ukuva, uyeka ukuqaphela izinto, ubuso, okanye abone ziphosakele. Intellect ngeendlela ezinobuthakathaka ezibonakaliswayo ze-agnosia zigcinwa.
Agnosia - yintoni na?
Umntu ukhokelwa kwihlabathi elijikelezileyo ngeendlela zentlupheko kwinkqubo yesistim ephakathi. Ikhono lokubamba, ukuqaphela, ukuvelisa nokuqonda intsingiselo engumqondiso yi-gnosis (enye i-Greek γνῶσις - ulwazi). U-Agnosia yilahleko okanye ukuphulwa kwemisebenzi ebonakalayo ngenxa yezilonda zesahlulo se-cortex kunye neendawo ezisezantsi. Igama elithi "agnosia" lafakwa kwimeko yesayensi yezobugcisa yenzululwazi yeJamani eJalimane uMunch, oye wabonisa ukuba izilonda zeendawo ezithile ze-cortex zingakhokelela ekuphumeni nasekuphumeni.
Agnosia kwi Psychology
I-Agnosia yinkxalabo engaphezulu, ekhokelela ekutshintsheni ekuboneni . Iingcali zengqondo zihlola i-agnosia ngokuphathelele ukulungiswa komntu kunye nemvelaphi yeenguqu zentsholongwane. Kwiengqondo zengqondo kukho iinkolelo zokuba iingxaki zombono zivela kulabo bantu abanoyika ukujamelana neengxaki zabo ubuso nobuso, okanye abafuni ukubona izinto ezicacileyo, okanye kukho ukuphazamiseka kweli hlabathi. Ngamaziko okuva, umntu ufumana ulwazi malunga nehlabathi, ukugxeka, udumo. Abantu abanoyika ukungquzulana kunye nokugxeka banokuba neengxaki kubahlalutyi bokuphicotha.
Izizathu ze-agnosia
Iimbangela eziphambili ze-agnosias zizilonda okanye i-pathologies yengqondo. Kwakhona izizathu eziqhelekileyo zezi:
- eziqhubekayo ezinobunzima kunye neengxaki ezibuhlungu zengqondo;
- i-myocardial infarction;
- i-craniocerebral traum of type evulekileyo kunye nevaliweyo kunye neengxabano, izingozi;
- isifo sokubeleka esiswini se-nervous system;
- Isifo sikaParkinson ;
- ukuzala okunzima;
- ukugula kwengqondo (ukugula ngengqondo);
- utshintsho olusuqukayo kwiingqondo;
- Izifo ezithintekayo ezichaphazela inkqubo ye-nervous central (meningitis, encephalitis);
- ukuphazamiseka kwemisipha ye-cerebral;
- ukungcola izinto ezinobuthi kwiingqondo (mercury, lead, arsenic, substances psychoactive);
- Isifo se-Alzheimer.
Iintlobo ze-agnosia
U-Agnosia sisifo esingaqabile, kodwa sibonakala kwiifom ezahlukeneyo. Kubonakala kaninzi phakathi kweminyaka eyi-10 ukuya kwe-20. Kukho iintlobo ezi-3 ze-agnosia:
- bonwayo;
- eziphicothiweyo;
- tactile.
Iifom ze-agnosios eziphakathi:
- eziphicothiweyo;
- ukuthobela;
- indawo;
- umbala;
- nxu lumene;
- i-anosognosia (i-Anton-Babinsky syndrome);
- buhlungu;
- olwenziweyo.
Auditory agnosia
Acnotic agnosia yilezo zityalo ezibuhlungu. Kukho ukuphulaphula ukuvakala kwezandi, intetho ngokubanzi. Ukulimala kwi-lobe ye-temporal ye-hemisphere ekhohlo kukukhokelela kwintlupheko yokuvalelwa kweefono kwaye ibonakalise ngale ndlela:
- ingxaki yokuthetha (i-aphasia ye-sensory);
- ukulahlekelwa kwamandla okuhlukanisa phakathi kwezandi zentetho;
- Intetho yesigulane "isaladi yomlomo";
- ukuphulwa kokufunda nokubhala.
Ukuba i-lobe yesikhashana ye-hemisphere efanelekileyo ichaphazelekayo:
- Izaziso kunye nezandi azibonakali nhlobo;
- Ukuphulwa kweengcamango zolwimi kwiintetho zabanye abantu;
- akunakwenzeka ukufunda nokuvelisa iingoma zomculo;
- ukuphulwa kokwaziswa kwabathandekayo ngezwi.
Tactile agnosia
I-agnosia ye-Tactile kukungakwazi ukuhlukanisa iimpawu ezinobomi ezihambelana nezinto. Ukuqatshelwa kwamathambo: ukuthobeka-ubunzima, ukunyaniseka-ukugqithisa kubonakala kungenakwenzeka, ngelixa isiseko sengqondo esicacileyo sokubambisana sigcinwa. I-agnosia ye-Tactile iyenzeka xa iindawo ezithile ze-cortex zendawo ephezulu kunye neeparietal eziphantsi zichaphazelekayo. I-Asteroignosis yintlobo yesifo apho isigulane esingaboni izinto eziqhelekileyo kumgca ngamehlo avaliweyo.
Somatoignosia
I-Somatoignosia kukuphulwa kombono wesikimu somzimba wakhe, indawo yangaphakathi. Kwezinye izigaba, i-somatoagnosis ibizwa ngokuba yi-agnosia ecacileyo. Kukho iindlela ezintathu eziphambili ze-somatoagnosis:
- I-Anosognosia (i-Anton-Babinsky syndrome, into ebonakalayo yobumfama). Ukuphulwa okunjalo kwimbono yesigulane, xa ephika ubukho bokuphulwa kwakhe: ukukhubazeka, ukuphunga, ukungaboni. Isigulane sikholelwa ukuba akapheli amandla, kodwa akafuni nje ukuhamba. Isizathu se-anosognosia sisiswini se-lobe ye-parietal ye-subdominant cerebral hemisphere kwiintlupheko zesisulu (ngokuphindaphindiweyo kumadoda asekhulile).
- Autopagnosia . Isigulane silahlekelwa ulwazi ngolwazi lweendawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba wakhe. Ngamanye amaxesha isigulane sinokuziva ukuba kukho "inyawo" yakhe (ingalo yesithathu, umlenze, ukuxhamla) okanye ukungabikho kwamalungu omzimba (ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwicala lasekhohlo). Iimbangela ze-autopagnosia zingabangela i-traumas, i-tumors, ukushaya kwesimo esibi. I-Autopagnosia iyimpawu yokuxilonga ngokuhambelana nokugula kwengqondo: isithuthwane, i-schizophrenia.
- Fingearognosia . Le fomu ibonakaliswe ukungakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kweminwe yesandla kunye namavu avulekile kwaye avaliweyo kungekhona kuphela kubo, kodwa kunye nomntu ongaphandle.
Agnosia
Ingcamango ye-agnosia spatial iquka i-optical component. Olu hlobo lwe-agnosia lubonakaliswe yimpawu zengxaki yokujonga indawo, iiparitha zayo, ukuphazamiseka kwendawo. I-agnosia ye-spatial ihlulwe ngokwemiqathango yokuphazamiseka:
- > I-agnosia yendawo enye. Isizathu sikunqotshwa kwe-lobe ye-parietal, ikakhulu into efanelekileyo. Umntu ogulayo uqala ukubona kuphela kwicala lekunene lesithuba (ufunda umbhalo kuphela ngakwesokudla kwintsimi) ikhohlo lugcinwa.
- Ukuphazamiseka ekuboneni ukuhamba kunye nexesha (akinetopsia). Ukukhawuleza, ukunyakaza kwezinto akubonakali. Umntu akakwazi ukufunda umzobo kunye neemephu, akayi kugqiba ixesha ngokuhambisa iifoloko kwiwashi.
- I-agnosia ye-Topographic - engaziwayo engaziwayo, ukuphazamiseka okupheleleyo kwindawo, imemori igcinwa. Izigulana zingase zilahleke ekhaya kwikamelo lawo.
- I- gnosis yobunzulu- ikhula kwizilonda zommandla we-parieto-occipital (kwicandelo eliphakathi). Ibonakala kubangenakwenzeka kwizigulane ukuba zibone izinto ngokuchanekileyo kwiindawo ezintathu. Umntu ogxininisekile we-agnosis akahluli iiparamitha eziseduze, ngokuqhubekayo, phambili phambili.
Ibone agnosia
Iqela elininzi kakhulu lama-agnosias, obangelwa kukutshatyalaliswa kweengxenye ze-occipital ze-cortex kunye nabahlalutyi abazibonayo, abanako ukuqonda nokucwangcisa ulwazi olufunyenwe ngaphandle ngaphandle kwezinto kunye neziganeko. Kwiyeza, ezi zilandelayo iifomu ze-agnosia ziyaziwa:
- umxholo (ukuqwalaselwa kwezinto kuphulwe, kodwa umboniso ugcinwa);
- idijithali (isiguli asikwazi ukubiza amanani);
- i-agnosia ye-dementia (i-pseudo-ignored-silhouettes yezinto kunye nemidwebo edibeneyo: i-fungus, ukuba ngaphezulu-ityato, ukuba ivela ngaphantsi - ikhukhamba).
Iifom zeendlela ezibonakalayo ze-agnosia, ezinokuqwalaselwa ngokubanzi:
- prosopagnosia;
- Nga xeshanye;
- iilfabhethi;
Literno agnosia
Igama lesibini lesi sifo li-asymmetry. I-Alpha agnosia ivela xa i-parietal kunye ne-occipital lobes ichaphazelekayo. Kule mpazamo, umntu ukopi oluchanekileyo, ikopi zeempendulo ezicetywayo zeeleta, iinombolo, kodwa akakwazi ukuzibiza, akayizi kwaye akayikhumbuli. Incwadi ye-agnosia iquka ukuphuhliswa kwe-alexia ephambili (ukukwazi ukufunda umbhalo) kunye ne-acalculia (ukuphulwa kwe-akhawunti). Impawu zobungqina:
- Isibuko sengqondo yeencwadi;
- Iileta zixutywe ngokuhambelana nokubonakala kunye nokulungiswa okufanayo kwimiba ("n" ngokuthi "m", "p" njengokuba "ku").
Ngexesha elifanayo agnosia
I-Balint's syndrome okanye i-agnosia ngokufanayo kukuphulwa kombono opheleleyo womfanekiso, imifanekiso, uchungechunge lwemifanekiso. Izinto kunye nezinto zibonwa ngokuchanekileyo. Isizathu se-agnosia kwisihlunu sengxenyana yangaphambili ye-lobe yes occipital. Kubonakala ngale ndlela:
- Ukufunda okunzima nocothayo;
- ubunzima ekuqondiseni imbono kwelinye icala (umboniso ongenakuxanduva);
- ukuphulwa ekuhambeni kweebhola zamehlo;
- ukukwazi ukubona into eyodwa kuphela kumfanekiso.
Prozapognosia
Olu hlobo lwe-agnosia ebonakalayo lunomdla kwiingcali. Iprosopagnosia okanye i-agnosia ebusweni ibunjwa xa i-lobe yesigcino se-occipital esecaleni okanye indawo efanelekileyo yexesha elichaphazelekayo ichaphazelekayo. Kukho uhlobo lwe-pro-spontgenia olusasazekayo olusasazekayo (ngokuphindaphindiweyo luyinkathazo emninzi kwi-2% yabemi). Isifo se-Alzheimer. Impawu zobungqina:
- Ingcamango yomntu ayiphuli, kodwa isigulane ayimchazi umntu othile, akayiqondi;
- ukukwazi ukubona umntu oqhelekileyo ngamacandelo ngamnye ebusweni: amadevu, amazinyo, amehlo, impumlo.
Ityala leprozopagnosia lichazwe kwincwadi ye-neuropathologist "Indoda ethathe umfazi wayo inqatshulwa". Umonde P., evezwa ngu-agnosia, wayenokuqonda umfazi wakhe ngelizwi kuphela. Ngomlinganiselo olula, iprosopagnosia yabhalwa ku-A.S. Pushkin, N.V. UGogol, Yu. Gagarin, L.I. Brezhnev. Enyanisweni yokuba uhlaziyo lweprosopagnosia - UBrad Pitt, umculi odumile waseMelika utshanje utshele abeendaba. UBrad uphazamise gqitha ukuba abahlobo bakhe nabahlobo bakhe bacaphuke kuye, xa edla ngokudlula kwaye akayeki ukuthetha.
Ukulungiswa kwama-agnosios
U-Agnosia akafaneki ngokuzimeleyo, esoloko ehamba nezifo ezinzulu okanye umonakalo wengqondo. Uvavanyo olunzulu kunye nokuxilongwa ngokugqibeleleyo lunokunceda ekufumaneni iimbangela zoluhlobo oluthile lwe-agnosia, kuphela emva kokuba olo kheyibhile lonyango lukhethiweyo. Ukulungiswa kwama-agnosias etiologies ahlukeneyo kwenziwa ngcali: i-neuropathologist, i-psychiatrist, i-defectologist, i-psychotherapist. Ukuhlaselwa ngokuphumelelayo kuxhomekeke kwi-diagnostic ngexesha elifanelekileyo kunye namanyathelo athatyathwe:
- ukulungiswa okupheleleyo, kunye nokunyangwa kwesifo esisisiseko;
- ukuxolelwa kwexesha elide, kuxhaswa ngamanyathelo okukhusela amachiza;
- ukulungiswa komntu onobomi-ulindele i-agnosia: imisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo ekujoliswe ekuhlaleni nasekuboniseni izakhono ezilahlekileyo kwifom ekhethekileyo ngokuphuhliswa kwezixhamlwano ezintsha.