Inkathazo yezoqoqosho kwilizwe ngalinye inokuchaphazela umntu oyedwa okanye ishishini, kodwa bonke abantu. Iziphumo zinokulimaza kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Siphakamisela ukuqonda ukuba yintoni imveliso yokunyuka kwamaxabiso, yiziphi iingxaki kunye nokuphazamiseka kwentlekele kwaye ingaba unako ukunqoba.
Ixabiso lemali - yintoni na?
Ngaphantsi kweli xesha lezoqoqosho kuthetha ukukhulisa ixabiso lempahla kunye nayiphi na inkonzo. Ingundoqo yexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso kukuba ngelo xesha kuya kuba nako ukuthenga amaxesha ambalwa iimpahla ngemali efanayo nangaphambi kokuqala kwayo. Kuyinto yesiko ukuthetha ukuba amandla okuthenga wezemali ayehlile, kwaye ziye zancipha, oko kukuthi, zishiywe ngaphandle kwengxenye yexabiso lawo. Kuqoqosho lwentengiso, loo nkqubo inokubonakalisa ngokwanda kwamanani. Ngongenelelo lolawulo, iintengo zihlala zifana, kodwa kunokubakho ukungahambi kwamacandelo emveliso.
Kwenzeka ntoni ngexesha lokunyuka kwamaxabiso?
Inkathazo yezoqoqosho iyancipha kancane kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zoluntu ize ibatshabalalise. Ngenxa yoko, ukuveliswa, imarike yemali kunye noburhulumente bangabandezeleka. Ziziphi abantu abaninzi abazi malunga nokunyuka kwamaxabiso bayaziwa ngokuphulaphula. Ngexesha lokunyuka kwamaxabiso:
- iimali ziyancipha ezinxulumene negolide;
- imali ngokumalunga nempahla iqala ukunciphisa;
- ukunciphisa imali enxulumene nemali yangaphandle.
Le nkqubo inamanani athile okuphakamisa intetho, kodwa oku akubonisi ukwanda kwexabiso lezinto zonke. Ngamanye amaxesha ezinye zazo zihlala zifanayo, kanti ezinye ziwa. Ingxaki ebalulekileyo kukuba bangakwazi ukungena ngokungafaniyo. Xa amanye amanani aphakama, kunye nezinye ziyawa, okwesithathu kwaye nonke unako ukuhlala uzinzile.
Kutheni ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuxhomekeka?
Abacumi bathi ixabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso lixhomekeke kulo:
- ukukhula kwemali;
- izinga lokukhula kwemali ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ukunyuka kwindleko yabo;
- ukuphakamisa iindleko zemveliso ngokweenkampani ezinkulu;
- ukunciphisa imveliso, eya kubandakanya ukunciphisa inani lempahla.
Yintoni echaphazela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso?
Inkqubo enjengokunyuka kwamaxabiso aphezulu kunokuchaphazela amandla okuthenga imali, kwaye imali yomntu ngamnye ayinakuxhomekeka ngqo kuyo. Imilinganiselo yokuphila iyancipha xa imali ingeniswa. Oku kusebenza kubaxhasi, abafundi kunye nabantu abakhubazekile. Ngenxa yobunzima bezoqoqosho, olu hlobo lwabantu luba nzima kakhulu kwaye ke luyanyanzelekile ukuba lufune enye ingeniso, okanye ukunciphisa iindleko zabo.
Xa imali engenayo ingagqibekanga, umntu unalo ithuba lokuphucula imeko yakhe kwimeko. Oku kungasetyenziswa ngabaphathi beenkampani. Umzekelo unokuba imeko apho amaxabiso emveliso ekhula, kwaye indleko yezibonelelo zihlala zifanayo. Ngaloo ndlela, ingeniso evela kwintengiso iya kudlula iindleko kunye nenzuzo iya kwanda.
Izizathu zokunyuka kwamaxabiso
Kuyinto yesiko ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinto ezinjalo zokunyuka kwamaxabiso:
- Ukwandiswa kwemali yekarhulumente. Abasemagunyeni basebenzise imali yokungenisa imali ngokunyusa ubuninzi beemfuno zabo zokuhambisa iimpahla.
- Ukwandiswa kokuhamba kwemali ngenxa yokuboleka kwemali. Iimali zithathwa kumbandela we-currency engaphephile.
- Iindwendwe zamashishini amakhulu ukucacisa indleko, kwakunye neendleko zemveliso.
- Umthamo wemveliso yesizwe uyahla, oku kunokubangela ukwanda kwamaxabiso.
- Ukwandiswa kweerhafu nemisebenzi kaRhulumente.
Iintlobo kunye neentlobo zokunyuka kwamaxabiso
Ize-Economists zihlukanisa iintlobo ezinjalo zokusuka kwemali:
- Imfuno - ivela ngenxa yokudluleka kwemfuno xa kuthelekiswa nemigangatho yemveliso.
- Iziphakamiso - umgaqo-mali uphuhliswa ngenxa yeendleko zokunyuka kweemveliso ngelixa kukho izixhobo ezingasetyenziswa.
- Ukulinganisela - iindleko zeemveliso ezithile zihlala zifana.
- I-Forecasted - ithathelwe ingqalelo ekuphatheni kwezinto zezoqoqosho.
- Akulinganiseki - kukho okungalindelekanga, kuba ukwanda kwexabiso kunaphezulu kokulindela.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwisantya, kuyisiko ukuhlukanisa iintlobo zeengxaki:
- ezinwabuzelayo;
- ukunyuka kwamaxabiso;
- hyperinflation.
Ekuqaleni, iindleko zeempahla ziphakama ngama-10 ekhulwini ngonyaka. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okungqinelanayo akusongeli ukuwa kwezoqoqosho, kodwa kudinga ukunakwa. Okulandelayo kubizwa nangokuthi inyathelo elifanayo. Ixabiso kunye nalo linokunyuka ukusuka kuma-10 ukuya kuma-20 ekhulwini okanye kuma-50 ukuya kuma-200 ekhulwini. Ngexabiso lokugqibela kunyaka kunyuka kuma-50 ekhulwini.
Iimveliso kunye nemiSebenzi yemali
Inkathazo yezoqoqosho inokubangela ukungalungi kunye neenzuzo. Phakathi kwezimbizi zenkqubo:
- ukunciphisa imali;
- ukutshabalalisa zonke iindawo zobomi;
- Umgangatho wobomi wokuhlala kwabantu uyahla.
Wonke umntu owaziyo ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, uqinisekisa ukuba unenzuzo. Iinkonzo zokunyuka kwamaxabiso:
- umsebenzi wezoshishino uyanda;
- imveliso kunye nemisebenzi iyanda;
- Imfuno yezabelo iyanda;
- kukho imvuselelo kwimarike yempahla.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kokunyuka kwamaxabiso nokungasebenzi
Ngokutsho kwezoqoqosho, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso nokungasebenzi kunokuthandana ngokucacileyo. Oku kuchazwe kumzekelo weprofesa odumileyo wesinye sezikolo zesiNgesi se-A. Phillips. Wayebandakanya ukuphanda idatha kwilizwe lakhe ukususela ngo-1861-1957. Ngenxa yoko, wagqiba ekubeni xa ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kudlulile kwizinga leepesenti ezintathu, amaxabiso nemirholo yaqala ukuhla. Emva kwexesha elithile kule modeli, izinga lokunyuswa kwemvuzo lithatyathelwe yinkqubo yokunyuka kwamaxabiso.
I-curve ye-curve ingabonisa ukuxhomekeka okungafaniyo kweengxaki kunye nokungabikho kwemisebenzi ngexesha elifutshane kunye nokhetho lokuzikhethela, ukudibanisa. Ngethuba elifutshane, ukuphakanyiswa kweendleko zeempahla kunye neenkonzo, umvuzo, kukhuthaza ukukhuthazwa kwabasebenzi kunye nokwandiswa kwemveliso. Xa ixinzelelo lugxothwa, lukhokelela ekungabikho kwemisebenzi.
Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kubalwa njani?
Ukumisela izinga lokunyuka kwamaxabiso, kuyinto yesiko ukusebenzisa izi zikhokelo zentengo elandelayo:
- Ixabiso lentengo yabathengi-libonisa utshintsho ngexesha lezinga eliqhelekileyo lexabiso lempahla abantu abangayithengela ukuzisebenzisa.
- Inkcazo yexabiso lomvelisi - ibonisa utshintsho kwipolisi yamanani kwimida yemveliso yoshishino.
- Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso emali - kubonakalisa izinto ezingekho kwemali kwaye zenzelwe ukuba zibalwa ngesiseko se-CPI.
- I-deflator ye-GDP - iyakwazi ukubonisa utshintsho kwixabiso lempahla yonke eyenziwa kwilizwe lonke unyaka.
Ukuze ubale i-index yenkathazo yezoqoqosho, intengo yempahla ithathwa ngekhulu leepesenti, kwaye zonke iinguqu kwixesha elizayo ziboniswa njengepesenti yeendleko zexesha lesiseko. Isalathisi kufuneka ibalwe nyanga zonke kunye ngonyaka-ngonyaka njengenguqu kwixabiso lempahla kunye neenkonzo ngoDisemba walo nyaka kunyaka oye kunyaka owedlule.
Ixabiso lemali kunye nemiphumo yalo
Abaxhasi baxela ukuba inkqubo enjalo njengokunyuka kwamaxabiso kungathintela umgangatho wokuphila kwabantu. Kukho iziphumo ezinjalo zokunyuka kwamaxabiso:
- amandla okuthenga kwezemali ancipha;
- kukho umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemali yeeklasi ezahlukeneyo zabemi belizwe;
- ireyithi yemali yelizwe iyawa;
- ukuthembela kwabemi kurhulumente kuncipha.
Ukuphakanyiswa kwexabiso leempahla ezithile kudla ngokuba yinkqubo yemvelo, kuba ivela kukukhula komvuzo. Ngenxa yoko isigqibo-le ngxaki inzima ukuphepha, kodwa unokuyilungiselela. Kukho inqaku elihle kakhulu nelingqinelanayo kule imeko yezoqoqosho nzima ukuba uyalumkisa, kwaye ixhobile.
Izindlela zokulwa nokunyuka kwamaxabiso
URhulumente weli lizwe, elijongene neengxaki, kufuneka alandele umgaqo-nkqubo onenjongo wokuqeda imeko enzima. Izindlela zokulawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso zichanekileyo kwaye zichanekileyo:
- Ulawulo lokuhamba kwemali ngokulawulwa kwebhanki ephakathi;
- Inkqubo yokulawula i-accounting kunye neenkqubo zokubolekwa kweebhanki zorhwebo ngeziko lemali eliphambili;
- izibonelelo zeziko lezemali zorhwebo, ukusetyenziswa kweziko lemali eliphambili kwiimarike zentengiso;
- Inkqubo yolawulo oluchanekileyo kunye nolunxamnye nolawulo lwemali mboleko kunye nokuhamba kwemali;
- impembelelo karhulumente kwixabiso lempahla;
- urhulumente ulawula umvuzo;
- urhulumente ubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yokulawula ukuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe, ukuthumela ngaphandle nokungenisa.