I-Psychoanalysis njengendlela ye-psychotherapy evela eYurophu ngasekupheleni kweXIXX. kwaye ukususela ekuqaleni kwaxhaswa kakubi ngabantu bexesha likaZ. Freud, ngokuyininzi ngenxa yeenkcukacha ezilinganiselwe zobuntu bomntu kwiimoto: i-Eros (ubomi) kunye ne-Thanatos (ukufa), kodwa kwakukho abalandeli nabafundi abafumene i-psychoanalysis kumacala ahlukeneyo.
Yintoni i-psychoanalysis?
Ngubani owamisela i-psychoanalysis - lo mbuzo ucelwa ngabantu kuphela kude nolwazi lwengqondo. Umsunguli we-psychoanalysis yi-Austrian psychoanalyst Z. Freud, owathi ngexesha lakhe wayengumcebisi onesibindi. I-Psychoanalysis (i-German Psychoanalyse, i-Greek psyche-soul, uhlalutyo-isisombululo) yindlela yokwelapha izigulane ezinengxaki yengqondo (i- neuroses , hysteria). Ingundoqo yendlela isingqinisiso seengcamango, iingcamango namaphupha, ezichazwa ngu-psychoanalyst.
Psychoanalysis kwi Psychology
Ngethuba lokuhamba kwengqondo ye-psychoanalysis (i-XIX-yokuqala ye-XX yenkulungwane) unyango lwadlulayo iminyaka emininzi kwaye aluzange lufikeleleke kuwo wonke umntu, i-psychoanalysis yanamhlanje i-short-term (iiseshoni eziyi-15 ukuya kwezi-30 kwiseshoni 1 - 2 ruble ngeveki). Ngaphambili, i-psychoanalysis yayisetyenziswa kuphela kumaziko ezonyango (ingqwalaselo yengqondo) ekunyangeni i-neuroses, namhlanje ngoku kunceda ngale ndlela kunokwenzeka ukuba isebenze ngeengxaki ezahlukeneyo zeengxaki zengqondo.
Izibonelelo ezisisiseko ze-psychoanalysis:
- ukuziphatha komntu kusekelwe kwiingcingo ezingenangqiqo, ezivame ukuvela kwinqanaba lokuqala lokuphuhliswa (ubunzima beemeko zobuntwana);
- Ukuqwashiswa kwezi ziqhube kubangela iindlela zokukhusela;
- Ingxabano phakathi kwezinto eziziwayo kunye neziphathekayo ezingenazi zinto zikhokelela kwiintsholongwane, ukuxinezeleka;
- ukufezekiswa kwezinto ezenzekayo engqondweni, ngoncedo lomgqirha, ukhulula isigulane kwisiphumo sezinto ezingenazizinto kwaye ikhokelela ekubuyiseni.
Psychoanalysis yeFreud
Ngenxa yeminyaka yokubeka iliso kwizigulane zakhe, uFrud waphawula ukuba ubuninzi bokupheliswa kokungazi lutho kuthintela isimo sengqondo, ukuziphatha kwabantu. UFrud waqulunqwa ngo-1932 isakhiwo se-psyche, esicwangcisela kuyo izinto ezilandelayo:
- I-Id (it) ngummandla ongenazo izinto ezingenazo izinto zokuphila ebomini nasekufeni.
- Ego (I) - ukucinga ngokuqiqa, ukuphuhliswa kweendlela zokukhusela).
- I-Superego (i-Super-Self) yintsimi ye-introspection, i-censor yokuziphatha (ukuqaliswa kwenkqubo yexabiso yabazali).
Izindlela zikaFrud zokuncedisa i-psychoanalysis kwisigaba sokuqala zazibandakanya ukusebenzisa i-hypnosis ukwenzela ukufumanisa iindlela ezingaqhelekanga, kamva isifo sengqondo sabashiya kwaye saqulunqa abanye ngokusetyenziswa ngempumelelo kwi-psychoanalysis yanamhlanje:
- uphando malunga neenjongo zokuziphatha ngokusebenzisa imibutho yamahhala yesigulane;
- ukutolika;
- ukuhlalutya "ukuxhatshazwa" kunye "nokutshintshwa";
- kufunda.
Jung's Psychoanalysis
I-psychoanalysis yeJungian okanye i-psychology analysis UJung (umfundi oyintandokazi kaZ. Freud, olwaphulwa ngumsindo ngenxa yeembono zakhe kwi-psychoanalysis) usekelwe kwimigaqo elandelayo:
- Umntu ongenalwazi kummandla oqhelekileyo ulinganayo.
- Iingxaki zivela ekungalingani, oku kukhokelela ekuveleni kweengxaki ezithwala uxanduva olubi lwengqondo, olukhutshwa yi-psyche engakwazi.
- Ubuntu - inkqubo yokwaziswa kwesigulana ngokuzikhethela kunye nokuzimela (ukukhuthaza ukuphulukisa), "indlela eya kuye," yenziwa ngoncedo lwe-psychoanalyst.
Psychoanalysis yaseLakan
UJacques Lacan ungumFrananalyst waseFransi, umntu ongenakulinganiswa kwi-psychoanalysis. ULacan wazibiza ngokuba yiFreud kwaye wayehlala egxininisa ukuba imfundiso kaFreud ayibonakalwanga ngokupheleleyo kwaye kubalulekile ukufunda kwakhona iimibhalo zakhe ukuze aqonde iimvo zakhe. ULacan wakhetha ukufundisa i-psychoanalysis kwifom yomlomo, kwiindibano. I-Scheme "Isicatshulwa -Impawu -Iyinyaniso" uLacan ithathwa njengesiseko:
- ukucinga - ukuzibonakalisa komntu (isiqendu sesibonakaliso);
- ukungafani, kunye nokwazisa ngaphesheya komfanekiso womnye, oqulethe umqondiso;
- okwenene - uLacan wayekholelwa ukuba intlanganiso kunye nenene inokwenzeka ngenxa yentlekele.
I-psychoanalysis ekhoyo
I-psychoanalysis ye-Classical - iingcamango eziphambili zithotyelwa kumfilosofi waseFransi nomlobi J.P. Sartre, umsunguli we-psychoanalysis ukugxeka kunye ne-Freido yase-Freido yatshintshwa yinto yokuqala. Uluhlu oluphambili lokuhlalutya okukhoyo kukuba umntu uyingqibelelo, enentsingiselo ethile, ngaso sonke isikhathi esenza ukuzikhethela ngokubhekiselele ekubeni. Ukhetho - lo bubuntu obunjalo. Ixesha elizayo livela kokhetho.
Iindlela zokwenza i-psychoanalysis
I-psychoanalysis yanamhlanje iyenze utshintsho ekulawuleni izigulane, kwakunye neentlobo zonyango ezisetyenzisiweyo, kodwa izixhobo ezisisiseko ziye zaqhubeka zisetyenziswe ngempumelelo:
- Indlela yokusebenzisana kwamahhala. Isigulane silele embhedeni kunye namazwi onke iingcamango eziza engqondweni.
- Indlela yokuchazwa kwamaphupha. Indlela kaTs Freud eyintandokazi, malunga noko wathi amaphupha ayindlela yokumkani eya engazi.
- Indlela yokutolika. Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuba ulethe iinkqubo ezingenasicatshulwa kwinqanaba lokuqonda. Isigulane (i-analysand) sithi, kwaye i-psychoanalyst ihlalutya kwaye ixubusha intsingiselo, eqinisekiswayo, kwaye nayiphi na imicimbi ehambelana nencazelo ikhunjulwa, okanye ayivunyelwanga ngumguli.
I-psychoanalysis yamandulo
I-psychoanalysis ye-orthodox yomntu ngamnye okanye i-Freudianism isekelwe kwizixhobo ezisisiseko ze-Z. Freud. Kwinqanaba langoku, akunqabile lisetyenziswe kwifomu ecocekileyo kwonyango, ngokuyininzi yi-neo-Freudianism - ukuhlanganiswa kwezixhobo zendlela ezahlukeneyo. Injongo ye-psychoanalysis yeklastiki ukulungisa iingxabano zangaphakathi, iingxaki ezibunjengebuncinci. Indlela ephambili ye-Freudianism kukungqubana kwemibutho yamahhala:
- isigulane sinikelwa ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kwimilo yokuthetha yonke into efika engqondweni yakhe, kwanazo zinto ezenza ihlazo;
- ogqirha uyayichaza iziphumo ezingenanto, kwaye ifomu eliqondakalayo lizisa intsingiselo yokwenene kwisigulane.
I-psychoanalysis yeqela
I-Psychoanalysis kwiqela liyinkqubo efanelekileyo yokwelapha esebenzisa iindlela ze-psychoanalytic. I-psychotherapy yeqela iqhaza kwi:
- ukuphuhlisa uvelwano ngamanye amalungu eqela, ukwabelana nentlungu kunye nokukhathazeka kwengqondo;
- ku philiswa kwengqondo;
- kwamkela umntu ngokwakhe.
I-psychoanalysis yeqela - ingqiqo yaqaliswa yi-psychoanalyst T. Barrow ngo-1925. Iqela lamanje le-psychotherapy lintlanganiso kanye ngeveki kwii-1.5 ukuya kwiiyure ezimbini. Iinjongo zamacandelo okuhlalutya:
- ukudala indawo ekhuselekileyo yamalungu eqela, apho unokuthetha ngokukhululekile malunga nobuhlungu;
- ukuchongwa kwezinto ezifihliweyo eziyimfihlo;
- ngokusebenzisa ubunzulu bezonxibelelwano isisombululo sokuchasana kwangaphakathi kunye neengxabano.
I-psychoanalysis ye-System vector
I-psychoanalysis yanamhlanje yomntu uya kutshintshwa ngexesha lokuhamba. Isazi sengqondo seSoviet V.A. I-Ganzen ivelisa i-matrices ye-systemic perception, ngesiseko apho umfundi wakhe i-VK I-Tolkachev ivelisa i-8 vectors (iintlobo) ze-psyche. Kuze kube yiminyaka, kulo mgaqo usebenza uJ. Burlan. Ukuqhubela phambili kwi-system-vector psychoanalysis, umntu ngamnye unesimo esiphezulu, esinye seziphumo ezi-8:
- imisipha;
- ngomlomo;
- mzekelo;
- bonwayo;
- oluthileyo;
- ngqamle;
- isandi;
- ukurhoxiswa.
Iincwadi kwi-Psychoanalysis
Ukufundwa kweendlela zobugcisa kunye nobuchule be-psychoanalytic akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokufunda uncwadi olufanelekileyo. Iincwadi ezifanelekileyo kwi-psychoanalysis:
- "I- psychoanalysis ye-Humanistic " E. Fromm. I-anthology eyaqulunqwa yi-German psychoanalyst iya kuba nomdla kubafundi beeyunivesithi zentlalo efunda i-psychoanalysis. E. Fromm ubuyisela kwakhona iziganeko ezinjalo ezaziwayo kwi-psychoanalysis njenge-Electra kunye ne-Oedipus eziyinkimbinkimbi, i-narcissism, iinjongo zeenjongo ezingenanto.
- " Ego kunye neendlela zokukhusela ngengqondo " A. Freud. Incwadi yintombi ye-psychoanalyst owaziwayo, oqhubeka nomsebenzi kayise ensimini yengqondo yengqondo yengqondo. Incwadana ichaza indlela entsha ekutyhileni iingxaki zengqondo zomntwana.
- "I- Archetype neSimboli " ngu-K.G. Jung. Ngomntu ngamnye, i-archetype ye-collective consciousness isfihliwe: Umntu, uAnima kunye ne-Animus, Shadow, Self and Ego.
- " Ukugijima ngeengcuka " I-archetype yamaBhinqa kwiingoma kunye neengcamango. Estes. Inkqubo ye-Psychoanalytic, ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo lweenganekwane. Umbhali ucacisa ukuba abafazi bajonga ngaphakathi kwaye bafumanisa ukuba inxalenye yemvelo, yasendle kunye engavumelekanga ekhohliweyo.
- " Uxoka embhedeni " ngo-I. Yal. I-psychoanalyst eneetalente iphumelele kwimisebenzi yabalobi. Amahlaya angcolileyo kunye nezihlandlo ezimangalisayo, ezithathwe kwimiqathango yazo - umfundi ubona ukuba i-psychoanalyst ngumntu ofanayo neengxaki zakhe.
Iifilimu malunga ne-psychoanalysis
I-Psychoanalysis - isihloko esinomdla kubaphathi abaninzi abasemgangathweni kunye nalabo abathanda ukwazi ngokwabo iifilimu zengqondo zintlalo enomdla, ngokuphindaphindiweyo emva kokubukela ezinjalo iifilimu, kukho ukuqonda okukukunceda ukukrazula ingxaki yeengxaki. Iifilimshi malunga ne-psychoanalysis, ofanelekileyo ingqalelo:
- Igumbi leNdodana / La stanza del figlio " . I-Italian psychoanalyst Giovanni inento yonke ebomini, inyanzelekile ekusebenzeni kwayo, kodwa kwenzeka into embi - unyana wabulawa kwaye uGiovanni uzama ukufumana intsingiselo.
- «I-Psychoanalyst / Shrink» . UHenry Carter uyimpumelelo ye-psychoanalyst, kuye kuluhlu lokulinda lwabantu abadumileyo, kodwa ebomini bakhe bomntu yonke into ayilula. Umfazi kaHenry uphelela ukuzibulala, kwaye i-psychoanalyst ifikelela kwisigqibo sokuba akasakwazi ukunceda izigulane zakhe.
- "Indlela Eyingozi . " Iskripthi sefilimu sisekelwe kubuhlobo bokwenene kunye obuphikisanayo phakathi kukaZ. Freud, umfundi wakhe uK. Jung kunye nesigulane uSabina Spielrein.
- "Izigulane / Okwenyango" . Uchungechunge, uchungechunge ngalunye apho siseshoni ye-psychotherapy, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-psychoanalysis phakathi kwabo. Ifilimu iya kuba luncedo kubini beengqondo kunye nabantu abanomdla kwizengqondo.
- "Xa uNietzsche wakhala . " Ifilimu malunga nokubunjwa kwengqondo ye-psychoanalysis eYurophu, isekelwe kwincwadana ye-Hungarian psychoanalyst eyaziwayo i-Irvin Yalom.