Ubukho bentlalo yabantu busekelwe kwimithetho ehlolwe iminyaka kunye nookhokho. Utshintsho kwimimiselo enjalo ayinakupheka kwaye kubangela inani lokuqhankqalaza. Kwimiphakathi yanamhlanje, ilungelo lokubonisa imbono yehlabathi livulekileyo - umgangatho, umgca phakathi kokulondolozwa kweempawu zenkcubeko kunye nokubonakalisa ingqondo yokuxhatshazwa kwabantu.
Iyintoni intshutshiso?
Igama elithi xenophobia linamalungu amabini "xenos" - ngesiGrike lithetha umfokazi, ukuphikisana, kunye ne "phobos" - ukwesaba. Kukho uvakalelo olungenangqiqo ngabantu abangaziwayo okanye abangahambisani nalo, kumntu othile, amasiko. I-Xenophobia yintsilelo yokunyaniseka okukhulu kunye nokunyamezela kwilizwe jikelele, ixabiso lenkcubeko kunye nokunyaniseka kwenkcubeko yangaphandle-ingqiqo yobuxoki yokuthanda ubutyebi.
Yiyiphi ingozi yokuxhatshazwa kwabantu?
Kwinqanaba lezenhlalakahle, ukukhanyela ngokukrakra abantu basemzini kungaba nobudlova - ukuxhatshazwa kwesoxongo njengengozi ekukhuselekeni, kunokusebenza njengengqondo yokuphazamiseka kweengxabano ezinkulu. Kwimbali yoluntu yanamhlanje kukho ubungqina obuqinisekisa ukuxabana kwe-interethnic ngempawu ecacileyo yokuxhatshazwa kwabantu. Ukwahlula uluntu ukuba lube "loluntu" kunye "nokukhishwa" ngokuhlukana kohlanga okanye ngokobuhlanga akuvumelekanga, kodwa kukho isimo esinjalo.
Xenophobia kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje
Ukutshatyalaliswa kwezikhumbuzo zenkcubeko kunye nokuhlambalaza kubakho ubunobungozi obuncinane kwiimeko zesimo sengqondo. Kuyaziwa ukuba u-xenophobia yintlankqalazo ye-interethnic eyayivela kwimida yecala kubantu abathile, iimfazwe kunye nokubhubhisa, apho umntu ngokusekelwe kwimibambano kazwelonke ngokugqithiseleyo kubhubhisa omnye umntu, ebala umbala wakhe ngesenzo sokuziphatha - ebonisa intshaba kunoma yimuphi umntu, ngaphandle kwesiseko kwizenzo ezithile.
Xenophobia yenkolo
I-Phobia nayiphi na indlela - ukwesaba okukrakra , iqhube abantu kwizenzo ezingenangqondo kunye neentliziyo, idala imbono ephosakeleyo yehlabathi elijikelezile. Izazinzulu zivakalisa uluvo lokuba kwintsebenziswano yeembambano-iimfazwe, ukuxhatshazwa, ukuguqulwa kweempawu zenkcubeko, ukuxhatshazwa kobuhlanga kungenziwa. Iingcali zengqondo zithi ukuxhatshazwa kwabantu kuxhatshazwayo - kusasazeka kwabanye. Kuyavunyelwa ukwahlula ulawulo olunjalo kwiintlobo eziqhelekileyo zokuxhatshazwa kwabantu:
- ngokobuhlanga;
- zonqulo;
- kummandla;
- buhlanga;
- kwindlu;
- zentlalo.
I-Xenophobia ngumzabalazo ongathandekiyo, ukuba ibonakaliswe ngendlela evulekileyo, abantu okanye iintlanga bangabandezeleka. Kukho ukuxhatshazwa, okungafanekanga kubonakaliswe:
- Ukwabelana ngesondo kukujonga isimo sengqondo ngesini esahlukileyo.
- Ubudala be-Ageism - ukuphendula kakubi kubantu ngexesha elidala.
- Ukukhubazeka - ukucalulwa komntu ngamakhono omzimba - ukukhubazeka.
Xenophobia kunye nobuhlanga
Ukubonwa komntu ngomhlanga kuthiwa ubandlululo. Ukuxhatshazwa kwabantu ngokobuhlanga ukwesaba nokuxhatshazwa komntu ngamnye, uxinzelelo lokuziphatha nokuhlambalaza, ukuthotywa komntu kwisizwe, ngokusekelwe kumbala wesikhumba ohlukile, inkolo, ixabiso leenkcubeko, ulwimi oluthethiweyo. Kwimbali, kukho imimandla eyahlula abantu kwiintlanga "eziphakamileyo" kunye "eziphantsi", apho uphawu lobuzwe lwenziwa njengesigwebo - umntu wabhujiswa.
Xenophobia kunye ne-Extremism
Igama elithi "ukugqithisa" linezimpembelelo zesiFrentshi, ekuguquleleni lithetha - okweqile, oko kukuthi, ichaza umda kwimigwebo yezenzo kunye nezenzo. Ingqiqo yengozi kubantu basemzini yinkinga eqhelekileyo yokuxhatshazwa kwabantu. Iintlobo zeengcinga zoluntu kuluntu ukwesaba ukulahleka kweenkcubeko kunye neentlanga, ukudibanisa kunye nokuphazamiseka kweminye imilinganiselo yabantu - kunondla inzondo ngeendlela ezingezizo zomthonyama kwilizwe elinikeziweyo, ihlabathi elibonakalayo eliqhelekileyo.
I-Xenophobia kunye ne-chauvinism
I-Chauvinism inomdla wokuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinye iintlanga, ngokuqhelekileyo iphefumlelwe ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba ixhomekeke kwizenzo zokucinezelwa kwezinye iintlanga, ukungathandeki ngokuvulelekileyo kwiintlanga ezahlukeneyo kunye nabantu. Imvakalelo ye-Xenophobic ibizwa ngokuba yi-chauvinism, iyona nto ibangela isenzo esiqhekezayo, ngokumelene nezinye iintlanga-sizathu sokunyanzeliswa kokuziphatha, ukutshabalalisa ngokwenyama.
Xenophobia kunye nobuzwe
Ubuzwe - ukuthanda imimandla, ubuzwe kunye neenkcubeko zabo ookhokho kunye nabahlali, ukuziqhenya kwimpumelelo yabantu basehlabathini. Ukungafani kobuzwe okanye ubuxoki - ukubonakaliswa kobuhlanga, ukuchaswa kwabantu kunye nokuziphatha okubonakalisa ukuziphatha okubi, izenzo. Umntu uyalahla aze amlahle omnye umntu, kwimeko apho kubonakala ngathi uphakamileyo "wolunye uhlanga", uyazigatya iimpawu zakhe ezintle, uhlambalaze ngokucacileyo isithunzi sakhe ngenxa yokungakhethi "abantu" bakhe.
Ubuzwe bobubonakaliso bobubungqina bobubungqina bobubungqina bobuqili bobuhlanga bungabikho isimo sengqondo esichasayo kwabanye abantu Injongo yesizwe kukubonisa uthando kwiimpawu zenkcubeko kunye nezithethe, izithethe zesizwe. Ubuhlobo bamazwe ngamazwe kunye nobudlelwane bobuxoki, ngokuba umntu onjalo-indlela yokubonisa kwaye abonise isidima sabantu bakhe kunye nezizwe zakhe ezikhangayo.
Ukunyamezela nokuxhatshazwa kwabantu
Igama elithi "ukunyamezela" lithetha umonde, xa kuthelekiswa nokuxhatshazwa kwabantu, unokuchazwa njengento ehambelanayo nabantu abangaziwayo, uluntu lwangaphandle, ezingaqhelekanga zenkcubeko kunye nokuziphatha, iinkqubo zentlalo. Umntu ngamnye unomngcele wakhe wokuzimela ngomntu ongaziwayo. Umzabalazo wobuqu noxhatshazo lubonisa ukucinga komntu ongahlaliyo njengotshaba, kodwa njengomlingane, ummeli ovela kwelinye iluntu eneembono ezifanayo kwimibandela efanayo, indlela eyahlukileyo kwimimiselo yemveli eyamkelekileyo.
I-Xenophobia inokubangela umntu ukuba anelisekele enye inkcubeko, ezama ukukhupha okanye ukungahloneli. Ukumisa bonke abantu abakuzungezile ngokuchasene nezenzo ezingamkelekanga emehlweni akhe, kubangele ukwesaba okubi malunga nomnye umntu. I-Xenophobes ifumana abantu abaneengqondo kunye namacandelo amafomu, abakwazi ukuphikisana nomntu onomonde onesihlwele esinjalo.
I-Xenophobia - indlela yokunyanga?
Ingcambu yokuziphatha kakubi kokuxhatshazwa kwabantu kwintlalo ingaba yintsholongwane, ubuhlanga bezopolitiko, ukungalingani kwezentlalo. Kwezinye iimeko, imbangela yesiganeko yimikhumbuzo emibi evela kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ufunde ulwazi lwebuntwaneni - ukuxhumana nabanye kungavunyelwe - kungenza isimo sengqondo esingalunganga ngabantu abangabazi.
Iingcali zengqondo zincoma ukulwa nokuxhatshazwa kwabantu njengengxaki yengqondo , umntu kufuneka aqonde ukuba isikhundla sakhe kwabanye, singenangqiqo, sithintela ukwakha ubudlelwane kunye nokunxibelelana ngokufanelekileyo. Ukuqeqeshwa kweengqondo kunye neengxoxo ezicacileyo zivumela ukuphelisa ukwesaba okukhulu kunye nokubandlulula ngabantu abangaziwayo.