Iinkalo zesayensi kunye noluntu: iipolitiki, iyeza, ifilosofi, inkolo, ingqondo, imigaqo-nkqubo, ekuphenduleni zabo iinkcukacha, ukuphendula ngokungafaniyo nombuzo wokunyamezela. Le ngcamango yaqala ukusetyenziswa kuluntu ekupheleni kweminyaka engama-90. ngenkulungwane yokugqibela, kubangela ukuphikisana nokuphikisana kwezikhundla ezikulo.
Ukunyamezela - yintoni na?
Lo mntu uyingqayizivele, kodwa ngezinye iindlela abantu bafana, ngoko-bafuna ezifanayo, zabo izinto zokuzilibazisa, inkolo. Ukubaluleka kubalulekile kumntu, ngenxa yokuba abantu bayiluntu. Abantu abahlukeneyo baneengqondo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye kwelinye ilizwe liyamkeleka - kwelinye linokubangela i-resonance yoluntu. Yintoni ukunyamezela kuthetha ntoni kwingcamango jikelele?
Ngo-1995, malunga namazwe angama-200 asayine iSibhengezo seMigaqo yokuXhatshazwa, echaza ukuba ukunyamezela kukunyamezela kwezinye iicawa, amasiko, iinkcubeko, ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye nokuzikhethela. Ukwamkela ukuba ukuvisisana kukukho konke ukuhlukahluka, kuvumela abantu ukuba bahloniphe omnye nomnye, baphile ngoxolo.
Yintoni ukunyamezela kuthetha ntoni kwezinye iindawo:
- kwiyeza (i-pharmacology, i-narcology): ukulungelelaniswa kwendalo kunye nenkunkuma ngokubhekiselele kuyo imilinganiselo eninzi efunekayo ukwenzela ukuphumeza umphumo ofanayo;
- kumculo: isimo sengqondo sokuhlonela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nezikhokelo zomculo;
- kwizinto eziphilayo: amandla okuphila kwezinto eziphilayo ukuphuhliswa kwimeko, nangaphandle kwezimo ezingathandekiyo.
Ukunyamezela kwi-Psychology
Le ngcamango kwingqondo yengqondo ihlala kwindawo ebalulekileyo. Ukwamkela abantu, kunye neempawu zabo, ngaphandle kokugxekwa kunye nokugwetywa, kukuvumela ukuba wenze ukuthembela kunye nomxhasi kwaye uyinto ye-psychotherapy. Ingxaki yengqondo yokunyamezela ithatha imiba nemigaqo-yesayensi, kunye nosuku:
- Ukuziphatha (imeko) - ngokukodwa, iqulethe ulwaphulo olulibazisekile. Ukunyamezela "ukuzimela kwangaphandle" kuphela kwinqanaba elingaphezulu: umntu uyavumelana nento eyenzekayo, kodwa ngaphakathi, ngokuqinisekileyo uyabamba, "amathumba."
- Indalo (yemvelo) -yinto eqhelekileyo kubantwana abancinci kwaye ibonakaliswe ngokwamkelwa kwabo ngaphandle kwemimiselo yabazali ngaphandle kokuvavanywa, ngelanga, kwenzeka ngokuzilimaza ngokwabo ukuba ngabazali babo banogonyamelo.
- Ukuziphatha (okwenyaniso) - ngokusekelwe ngokupheleleyo kunye nokwamkelwa kweqiniso. Oku kukunyamezela kunye nokunyamezela okulungileyo "kwento yangaphakathi." Isimo sengokomoya kuzo zonke iintlobo zobomi kunye nabantu kunye nolwazi oluqhubekayo. Ngokuziphatha konke imizekeliso ehlakaniphile isekelwe.
Ingcali yeengqondo kufuneka ihlakulele ukunyamezela, iinjongo eziphambili ezi:
- ukuphendula ngokomzwelo (uvelwano);
- ukukwazi ukubonisa, intetho engaphakathi;
- ubuchule bokuseka ubudlelwane obakhayo, obuhle kunye nabantu.
Ukunyamezela - inzuzo kunye neengxaki
Ingcamango yale ngcamango iyinto efanelekileyo, enhle kwimigomo yoluntu, ngaba kunjalo ngokwenene? Ngaba uxolo kunye nokuchuma emhlabeni kungenzeka ngaphandle kokunyamezela kwezinye iintlanga? Umxholo wokunyamezela unokutolika kwaye usetyenziswe ngabantu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ingqalelo ngokubanzi kunye nemigqaliselo emiselweyo. Iindondo zinamacala amabini.
Iinkqubo zokunyamezela:
- kunceda ukuba ngumntu onobuqili;
- Ufunda ukunqoba ukwesaba ngokuthetha ngokufanelekileyo nabanye abantu abahlukeneyo;
- ivelisa ukuqonda okuchanekileyo kokuzibonakalisa ngokwahlukileyo kwabantu ngokuziphatha kwabo, umlingani, imbono nendlela yokuphila;
- khuthaza uphuhliso lwabantu kunye nentlalo ngokudluliselwa kwamava nolwazi, ngokusebenzisana phakathi kwabantu kunye neentlanga ngokubanzi.
Umthwalo wokunyamezela:
- phantsi kokunyamezela ukunyanzeliswa kolwazi lwabantu, lufakwe ngeenjongo ezilungileyo;
- umgca omhle phakathi kokunyamezela nokunyamezela, ukulimaza umntu;
- ukufaka endaweni yeengqiqo kunye nexabiso kunye neenkohliso, ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bezentlalo;
- ukunyamezela kubonwa ngabanye njengokungakhathaleli, ukungafuni ukuqonda nokulwa.
Njani ukunyamezela okungafani nokunyamezela?
Ekuguquleleni ukusuka kwisiLatini yasendulo, yintoni ukunyamezela: "i-tolerantia" ithetha "ukubekezela", "ukunyamezela", "ukuthwala". Isichazi-magama esichazayo sichaza igama elithi "ukunyamezela" elisuka kwiFrentshi "inelisekile" - "ibekezela". NgesiRashiya, ngokungafani nezinye iilwimi zangaphandle, "ukunyamezela" ligama elinengcamango engalunganga, okubhekiselele ekunyamezeleni okubi, ukunyamezela ubunzima. Nangona kunjalo, ukunyamezela kunye nokunyamezela kuyimigaqo eyahlukileyo.
Ukunyamezela kukugatya okungaqhelekanga koluntu ukubonakalisa inzondo, inzondo. Umntu wangaphakathi ngexesha elifanayo, unokufumana iimvakalelo ezintle kunye nombhikisho. Yenziwa ngethuba elifutshane kwaye linokumiselwa ngeendaba (umzekelo, ukulungisa ingxabano phakathi kwezizwe ezahlukeneyo). Ukunyamezela kuyinkqubo yentlalo eyenziwa phezu kwexesha elide kwaye ithatha ukuba umntu akanalo ubutha, akayithandi abanye abantu abafani naye kwizizathu ezahlukeneyo. Kwintlangano egcwele iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuzwe - oku kuyimfuneko ebalulekileyo.
Ukunyamezela nokuxhatshazwa kwabantu
Igama elithi "xenophobia", kunye "nokunyamezela" kuvame ukuvakala kwiimidiya kunye nolwimi lwesiGrike luguqulelwe ngokuthi "ukoyika abantu abangaziwa". Ukucinga kwexenophobia kuyahlukana ngokuhlukana ngokucacileyo kube "kweyakhe" kunye "nokomnye". Ukuhamba okungazange kwenzeke ngaphambili kwabafuduki kunokuba buhlungu kwaye kuqondwe ngokugqithisileyo ngabemi bomthonyama: abafika kwamanye amazwe baziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo, abahlali befuna ukufunda ulwimi olutsha, musa ukufuna ukwazi isiko kunye namasiko ezwe abafudukela kuwo. Ukunyamezela kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, ngokuqinisekileyo, kubonisa ukungabikho kwexenophobia, ukuhlala kunye nokuphuhliswa kwezizwe ezahlukeneyo.
Iintlobo zokunyamezela
Isiseko sokunyamezela sisisiseko esiyintloko ebantwini, ngaphandle kobuntu abangenakho. Iingcali zenzululwazi ezininzi zibandakanya udidi lokunyamezela. Kwimihlaba eguquguqukayo-echaphazelekayo kwaye "i-acute" yimiba enxulumene nenkolo, isimo sengqondo kubantu abakhubazekileyo, interethnic, ubulili kunye nobudlelwane bezopolitiko. Ukuqwalasela, ukunyamezela yintoni - nganye yesigaba esetyenzisiweyo ichaza ityhuloji yayo. Iintlobo eziphambili zokunyamezela zibonakaliswe ngokugcwele yi-MS Matskovskii:
- zonqulo;
- ngokwesini;
- zenyama;
- zemfundo;
- ulwabelana ngesondo;
- zendawo;
- ezinxulumene nobudala;
- emgceni;
- iiklasi;
- interethnic;
- ngokobuhlanga;
- kwezopolitiko.
Ukunyamezela kweNkolo
Inkolo yama-ethnoses iqulethe iqela le-sacral elilihlula kwezinye iicawa. Kwiminyaka edluleyo, becinga ukuba inkolo yabo njengabo kuphela abalawuli belizwe abahlukeneyo bathatha iiprojekthi zezempi ngenjongo yokuguqula iintlanga ekukholweni kwabo. Yintoni ukunyamezela inkolo namhlanje? Umntu unelungelo kunqulo naluphi na olwamkelekileyo kwimeko yakhe, nangona kungengabikho kwinkolo ebalulekileyo. Ukunyamezela kolunye ukholo kukuqinisekisa ukusebenzisana ngokuthula phakathi kwabantu.
Ukunyamezela abantu abakhubazekileyo
Imfesane nenceba kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo ziyimpawu ezibalulekileyo zomntu, ezibekwe ebuntwaneni kunye nomzali ofanelekileyo. Ukubonakaliswa kokunyamezela abantu abakhubazekileyo kukuncedisa kakhulu ukulungelelanisa nokuhlalisana kwabantu abakhubazekileyo njengelungu elipheleleyo loluntu. Imfundo ebandakanyekayo, ukudala amathuba emisebenzi kubalulekile kwiindawo zokunyamezela.
Ukunyamezela kwabantu
Ekubeni kubantu bodwa, i-ethnos kunye nokugqithiswa kweenkulungwane zamava, izithethe, imilinganiselo yinto engumntu. Yintoni ukunyamezela ubudlelwane beenterethnic? Esi sidima sengqondo kwindlela yobomi banye abantu. Ingxaki yokunyamezela kumazwe ahlukahlukeneyo kubaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni. Ukunyamezela (ukunganyamezelani) kuqhubeka kwimeko yokukhuthaza inzondo yohlanga.
Ukunyamezela ngokwesini
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba abantu besini - abantu bafanelwe inhlonipho kunye namalungelo alinganayo - le yimpendulo yombuzo, yintoni ukunyamezelana kwesini. Ukunyamezela kuluntu ngokubhekiselele kwisini kuyinto engaqinisekanga. Okwangoku, ukunyanzeliswa kwesini kubangelwa utshintsho, kwaye le sizathu sokwenza impendulo engalunganga kuluntu kunye nophuhliso lwee-phobias. Ukunyamezela kwezinye izinto zesini kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokobulili.
Ukunyamezela kwezopolitiko
Ukunyamezela kwezopolitiko kukulungele urhulumente ukwenzela ingxoxo enokwakha kunye namanye amazwe. Ngokugcwele, inokumelwa kwimeko yombuso wentando yesininzi kwaye ibonakaliswe ekuxazululeni iimpikiswano ze-interethnic, ukugcinwa kwamalungelo oluntu, ukuziphatha okuhloniphekileyo kwezinye iinkolelo zezopolitiko ezingaphikisani nomthetho. Ukunyamezela kwezopolitiko yinkqubo yehlabathi jikelele ekuxhomekeke kuyo uxolo emhlabeni.
Ukuchaneka kwezombusazwe kunye nokunyamezela ukuvakalisa iingcamango zoluntu namhlanje. Imbali yembambano yokuchaneka kwezopolitiko yavela eUnited States xa ama-Afrika aseMelika afuna ukuba angabandakanyi kwiilwimi zesiNgesi igama elibi elithi "abamnyama" njengoko lisetyenziselwa uhlanga lwabo. Ukuchaneka kwezombusazwe kubandakanya ukunqandwa kolwimi oluhlaselayo ngokumalunga nolunye uhlanga, isondo, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini, njl njl. Kwamazwe amaninzi, njengama-United States, ukuchaneka kwezopolitiko kukhula kwaye kuphephe zonke iindawo zoluntu.