Uqoqosho oluxubileyo - i-pros and cons of the economy

Urhulumente welizwe ngalinye uyaqonda ukuba umgangatho wokuphila kwimeko yonke kuxhomekeke kuqoqosho. Ngenxa yoko, kubalulekile ukuba ungenzi iphutha ngokukhetha. Uqoqosho oluxubekileyo lunye lweendlela ezinokukhetha. Ziziphi iimpawu zoqoqosho oluxubileyo kwaye zeziphi iingenelo kunye nokungalungi?

Yintoni uqoqosho oluxubekileyo?

Ngombulelo oqoqosho oluxubekileyo, oosomashishini kunye nabantu ngabanye bangenza izigqibo ezizimeleyo kwintsimi yezemali. Ukuzimela kwabo kugqityiwe kukuba uluntu okanye urhulumente ubaluleke kakhulu kule micimbi yemali. Uqoqosho oluxubekileyo yinkqubo apho zombini urhulumente kunye namacandelo abucala abamba indima ebalulekileyo kwimveliso, ukuhanjiswa, ukutshintshiselwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo zonke izibonelelo, ubutyebi belizwe kweli lizwe.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, iimbono zoqoqosho oluxubekileyo zinyanisekile kwintando yesininzi yentlalo. Ngaphakathi kwesi sikhokelo, amashishini karhulumente kunye nabucala, kunye nemibutho eyahlukeneyo, banako ukulawula iimpahla zokuvelisa, ukuphatha ukuhamba kweempahla, ukwenza ukuthengiswa kwempahla, ukuqesha kunye nokugxotha abasebenzi, ngokwenene babebadlali abalinganayo kwimarike.

Ziziphi iinjongo eziphambili zoqoqosho oluxubekileyo?

Le nkqubo inemisebenzi yayo ebalulekileyo. Iingcali zibiza umnxeba omnye woqoqosho oluxubekileyo:

1. Ukubonelela ngengqesho yabemi.
2. Ukusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo kwemveliso yokuvelisa.
3. Ukuzinzisa kwamaxabiso.
4. Ukuqinisekisa ukunyuka kwexesha elilodwa kwimveliso yomsebenzi kunye nentlawulo.
5. Ukulinganisela ukulinganiswa kweentlawulo.

Iimpawu zoqoqosho oluxubekileyo

Kwamazwe amaninzi anemali ephezulu kakhulu, i-system mix mix of economy isetyenziswe. Apha, imibutho yomthetho kunye nabantu ngabanye banokugqiba isigqibo malunga nokusasazwa nokuhamba kwezimali ngokuzimeleyo. Abahlali bala mazwe bayazi ukuba yiyiphi impawu yoqoqosho oluxubekileyo:

1. Ukuhlanganiswa ngokukodwa kwemveliso ngaphakathi kwesizwe nangaphaya.
2. Ipropati karhulumente kunye neyebucala idibeneyo.
3. Akukho ncitshiso yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali.
4. Uphuhliso lwabasebenzi lukhuthazwa ngetyala lemali.
5. Intlangano yemveliso isekelwe kumgaqo "wokufuna = ukunikezelwa".
6. Ubukho bokhuphiswano kumashishini.
7. Urhulumente uxanduva lokulawula uqoqosho lwazwelonke.
8. Kukho umnotho wezithunzi kunye nempahla evinjelwe nguRhulumente.

Uqoqosho oluxubileyo - ubuchule kunye neengxaki

Akukho nanye kwiinkqubo zanamhlanje ayikwazi ukubizwa ngokuba yinto efanelekileyo. Olu hlobo loqoqosho luba luncedo kunye noloncedo. Phakathi kweenzuzo zoqoqosho oluxubekileyo:

1. Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchule bezoqoqosho kunye neemfuno zoluntu.
2. Ukungabikho kwamanye amazwe kunye nokusilela, okungachaphazela kakubi urhulumente.
3. Ukuqhelanisa noluntu kwintlalo.
4. Ukubonelela nje ukukhula koqoqosho, kodwa nokuphuhliswa.

Nangona kunjalo, imimiselo yoqoqosho oluxubekileyo inezicwangciso zabo ezimbi:

1. Ngokungafani nemveli, ayikwazi ukukrazula amanqaku amaninzi njengemali yokunyuka kwamaxabiso, ukungabikho kwemisebenzi, intlupheko yentlalo ebonakalayo phakathi kwabantu abazizityebi nabampofu.
2. Ukuguqulwa kwamatye okuvelisa.
3. Ukuphuculwa komgangatho weempahla.
4. Ukuvimbela inkqubo yokuphuma kwabavelisi kwiimarike ezintsha.

Iinkonzo zoqoqosho oluxubekileyo

Uninzi lwezoqoqosho luchaza ukuba uhlobo oluxubekileyo loqoqosho lunamathuba amaninzi:

1. Urhulumente kunye nabavelisi, abathengi kubalulekile ekuxazululeni ingxaki ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yezoqoqosho -thi, njani, ukuba ngubani kunye nomqulu onjani ofunekayo ukuvelisa. Oku kunikeza ithuba lokuhlanganisa usebenze kwezoqoqosho kunye nokwaneliseka kweemfuno zoluntu lonke, ezinokunciphisa uxhatshazo loluntu kulo lonke elaseburhulumenteni.
2. Kule nkqubo, yonke into ilinganisekanga kwaye akukho nongoma yodwa, kwaye akukho ncitshulwa engashukumisa urhulumente ngaphakathi.
3. Ukuziqhelanisa noluntu lwezoqoqosho, oludibanisa ukukhuselwa kokhuphiswano, inkululeko yemarike kunye nokukhuselwa koluntu kwinqanaba likarhulumente ekubeni bangabandakanyekanga kwiimarike zentengiso kunye nemiphumo emibi yoqoqosho lwezorhwebo.
4. Unika ukukhula koqoqosho kunye nophuhliso.

Umxhelo woqoqosho oluxubekileyo

Nangona zinzuzo ezininzi, iingxaki zezoqoqosho ezixutywayo nazo zibizwa ngokuba:

1. Ayikwazi ukuphelisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso , ukungasebenzi, isithuba phakathi kobutyebi kunye namahlwempu.
2. Ukunciphisa ukunyuka komgangatho weempahla kunye neempahla zokuvelisa eziqhubekayo.
3. Ukunciphisa ukuphuma kwabavelisi kwiimarike ezintsha.

Iimodeli zoqoqosho oluxubekileyo

Iingcali zithi uqoqosho oluxubekileyo lwangoku lunemizekelo enjalo:

1. Uqoqosho oluxubileyo lwe-Neo-ethatist - kunye neli candelo elizizwe liphuhlisiwe, umgaqo-nkqubo usebenza ngokuchanekileyo kunye nesakhiwo, inkqubo yokubizwa ngeentlawulo zokutshintshwa iphuhliswa.
2. Uqoqosho oluxubileyo lwe-neoliberal lubonakaliswe yimigaqo-nkqubo ye-countercyclical. Lapha uhulumeni uzama ukubonelela ngemimiselo yomsebenzi osebenzayo weemarike.
3. Umzekelo wezenzo ezilungelelanisiweyo kusekelwe kumsebenzi othile odibeneyo kunye nentsebenziswano yabameli bezakhiwo zoluntu-urhulumente, imibutho yabasebenzi kunye nabaqashi.

Umzekelo waseMerika woqoqosho oluxubekileyo

Abacumi bathi umzekelo waseMelika woqoqosho oluxubekileyo luyinto:

1. Ubuchule bazo zonke iimarike zisebenza ngokuzimela, ngaphandle kokubeka esweni imisebenzi yabo nguRhulumente.
2. Amandla omabini omthetho kunye nabantu ngabanye ukuba babe nepropati yangasese ngaphandle kolawulo lukaRhulumente.
3. Abavelisi banokusebenza ngolukhuphiswano, olunokunika iinkonzo eziphezulu kunye namanani aphantsi.
4. Umboleki unokumisela ngokufuna kwakhe imveliso yeempahla kunye neenkonzo.

Umzekelo waseJamani woqoqosho oluxubekileyo

Imodeli yaseJamani ineziganeko zayo zoqoqosho oluxubekileyo. Phakathi kokuhluka kwayo:

1. Ukuqhelana noluntu.
2. Ukwahlula komgaqo-nkqubo wezepolitiko ukusuka kwezoqoqosho.
3. Umthombo wokukhuselwa koluntu kubemi akusiyo inzuzo yamashishini, kodwa imali yezohlahlo lwabiwo-mali nolwabiwo-mali.

Imodeli yaseSweden yoqoqosho oluxubekileyo

Imodeli yaseSweden yoqoqosho ikhangele ingqalelo kwiminyaka engamashumi ama-60 ngenxa yohlumo olubalulekileyo lwezoqoqosho oluhlangeneyo kunye nokusetyenzwa kweenguqu kunye noluntu oluzinzile. Lo mzekelo unenjongo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo:

1. Yenza iimeko ezamkelekileyo zengqesho.
2. Ukuguqula umvuzo.

Lapha uphawu loqoqosho oluxubileyo lusekelwe kuzinzo kwezopolitiko nakwezoqoqosho, ukukhula okuqhubekayo kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wokuphila kwabantu. Oku kwaba yinyani emva kokusungulwa kwinqanaba lephondo lemigaqo:

1. Ilizwe linenkcubeko kunye nezopolitiko kwinqanaba eliphakamileyo, elivumela ukuxazulula iingxabano ezinzima kakhulu, ukuxhomekeka kwiingxoxo zengxoxo kunye nokuvunyelwana.
2. Ukukhuphisana kwezoshishino, ukusebenzisana ngokufanayo kunye namaziko esayensi, abucala kunye noluntu.
3. Inkxaso karhulumente ekuphuhliseni ubuchwepheshe obutsha, ezijoliswe ekujoliseni ukuphucula inkqubo zezoqoqosho.

Umzekelo waseJapan woqoqosho oluxubekileyo

Izakhamuzi zelizwe elangeni eliphumayo lithetha ukuba uqoqosho oluxubekileyo lwaseJapan luneenkcukacha zalo. Phakathi kwayo:

1. Izithethe zesizwe ezinamandla kakhulu, impembelelo yazo ingafumaneka kumanqanaba amaninzi kwinkqubo yoqoqosho.
2. Ulwalamano olukhethekileyo phakathi kolawulo kunye nolawulo oluphantsi.
3. Iziko eliqhubekayo lokuzalwa.
4. Ukuphazamiseka okunamandla karhulumente kuzo zonke iinkqubo.
5. Ubulungisa boluntu.

Uqoqosho oluxubileyo - iincwadi

Uqoqosho oluxubekileyo lwezorhwebo luchazwe kwincwadi. Phakathi kweencwadi ezinomdla kakhulu kunye ezithandwayo:

1. "Funda ngesimo kunye nezizathu zobutyebi beentlanga" uAdam Smith . Apha iimbono kunye neengcamango zabemi bemihla ngemihla ziqhelekileyo, inkqubo yenkqubo, imigaqo kunye neendlela zoqoqosho ziphuhliswa.
2. "Ubuninzi-nkulu kunye nenkululeko" uMilton Friedman . Ukupapashwa kuchaza ezininzi zibeka phambili kwixesha elizayo ukuze libe yiseko esezantsi apho iinguqulelo ezininzi ze-liberal zisekelwe khona.
3. "Ubuxoki Bakhulu" UPaul Krugman . I-economist eyaziwayo yaseMerika ibhala malunga neengxaki ezithandwa kakhulu zaseMelika kunye nezindlela zokuzisombulula.