Inqaku le-oligopoly livela kumazwi aseGrike, athetha "amaninzi" kwaye "athengise" ekuguquleleni. Uqoqosho olunjalo lwemarike lubonakalisa ukhuphiswano olungaphelelekanga. Ilawulwa yiifemu eziliqela. I-Oligopolists nazo zikhuphisana kunye namaqabane angafanelekanga.
Oligopoly - yintoni na?
Inani elithile labathengi beli shishini lithile liqhinga labo kwaye liqwalasele izenzo zabathathi-nxaxheba abasalayo. I-Oligopoly yintlobo yezoqoqosho zorhwebo apho iinkampani ezininzi ezininzi zivelisa kwaye zithengisa umkhiqizo othile. Olu hlobo lomsebenzi wokuvelisa lunentsingiselo "yeemarike ezimbalwa." Isakhiwo se-oligopoly sihlala siquka abavelisi abangama-3-10, eyanelisa ubuninzi bemfuno kwiimarike. Ukuvela kweenkampani ezintsha kunzima okanye akunakwenzeka.
Ukwahlukana phakathi kwe-monopoly kunye ne-oligopoly
Kwamashishini athile, umsebenzi wenkampani enye usebenza ngakumbi. Umba wezoqoqosho ubonisa isixa esenza ukukhula kwemveliso. Injalo nkampani yodwa kwaye iyakuba ngumthengisi kuphela kwimarike yokuthengisa. I-Oligopoly ibonakala ngokubonelelwa kwempahla evela kubavelisi abaningana. Bangakwazi ukuvelisa iimveliso ezahlukeneyo.
I-monopoly kunye ne-oligopoly zineemarike zazo. Iimonopolists zivelisa iimveliso ezikhethekileyo. Ukuba nguyena umenzi, unokuvumela ukubeka amanani aphezulu kakhulu. I-Oligopolists zixhomekeka ngokuthe ngqo kumncintiselwano, le ngxaki iyayilumkisa kwaye ayifaneki ibuye ihlaziywe ngamaxabiso. Umbuzo weemveliso ezincinci kumisela ukufakwa kwetheknoloji ephezulu.
Izizathu zokuba i-oligopoly ikhona
Uqoqosho lwamaninzi amaninzi lubonakaliswe yimveliso kunye nokuthengiswa kwezinto ezininzi kwimarike, eyenziwa ngamafemu athile. Ngamnye wabo uphepha amaxabiso emarike ngezenzo zalo, obeka i-oligopoly. Isikhundla esiphambili kwamashishini amaninzi singabamveliso abaninzi. I-Oligopol kwizoqoqosho zorhwebo kwiimeko ezinjalo kuthiwa yi "Big Six". Bakho ubunkokheli bemveliso kunye nokuthengiswa kweemoto, insimbi, izixhobo zombane. Phakathi kwezizathu ezibalulekileyo zokuba i-oligopoly yile:
- umlinganiselo wemveliso - imfuno yabathengi idlula ubuchule bekhnoloji yokuvelisa inkampani enye;
- Imiba yezemali - iindleko zokukhuthazwa kwemveliso;
- iingqinamba zokudibanisa iinkampani ezikhoyo - ukulawulwa kwezinto ezisetyenziswayo ezicwangcisiweyo, ilungelo lokubhalisa i-patent.
Iimpawu ze-oligopoly
Iifama ezinkulu zikhuphisana phakathi kwabo kwiimarike zabathengi. Iimpawu ze-oligopoly zinciphisa ukungena kwamashishini amatsha. Isithintelo esikhulu sikhokelo-mali olukhulu olufunekayo kumveliso omkhulu. Inani elincinci leenkampani kwiimarike ayivumeli ukuphakamisa ukhuphiswano ngokunciphisa amaxabiso, okuchaphazela kakhulu inzuzo. Ngako oko, iindlela ezisebenzayo zokulwa nokukhuphisana zisetyenzisiweyo - oku kusemgangathweni, ukuphakama kobugcisa, ixesha lokuqinisekisa ixabiso lemveliso, imigaqo yokuhlawula.
Ngokusekelwe kwezi ziphumo, sinokuhlukanisa iinkalo eziphambili ze-oligopoly:
- Inani elincinci leenkampani libonelela bonke abathengi;
- umqobo obalulekileyo wokungena kwamashishini amatsha kwimarike yokuthengisa;
- ukuxhomekeka kwamashishini kwelinye shishini, ukukhawulelwa kwintengo kunye nomthamo wemveliso.
I-Oligopoly - i-pros and cons
Isakhiwo ngasinye semakethe sinempawu zayo ezintle nezimbi. Iingxaki ze-oligopoly zinquma:
- ukuhlanganiswa kwamalungu eenkampani, okuchaphazela amanani kunye nokusetyenziswa komgangatho;
- iindleko ze-antimonopoly;
- ukuxhamla kwemveliso.
Iintlobo ze-oligopoly zichazwe kwezi zilandelayo:
- amaxabiso aphezulu kakhulu;
- umgangatho omhle weempahla - ukwesaba ukhuphiswano, abavelisi banika ingqwalasela efanele;
- ukufumaneka kolwazi malunga nemveliso ngenxa yokukhangisa okubanzi.
Iintlobo ze-oligopoly
I-oligopoly ibandakanya amashishini amakhulu amaninzi. Bamele yonke imboni kwimarike yokuthengisa. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-oligopoly, phakathi kwazo zilandelayo:
- Imveliso ehambelanayo - iveliswe ngamashishini amaningana; ayibonakali ibakala, uphawu, uhlobo (utywala, i-samente, iswekile);
- ezahlukileyo - amashishini akhiqiza iimveliso zeshishini elinye, kodwa ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, iintlobo, iimveliso (iziyobisi, imoto, iimveliso zecuba);
- imfihlo -isivumelwano phakathi kweentloko zamashishini ekuhlukisweni kwemithombo yokubonelela ngezinto ezibonakalayo ukwenzela ukufumana inzuzo enkulu;
- ukulawula - umlimi oyintloko unesabelo se-market% ukuya kuma-70, amanye ahlala kwezinye iinkampani;
- i-duopoly - abenzi ababini banikezela ngemveliso kwimarike.
Ukuhlanganiswa okuyimfihlo kwimakethe ye-oligopol
Ukhuphiswano kwiimarike kunokukhokelela ekuhlanganiseni imfihlo. Esi sivumelwano, esenziwa phakathi kweefemu zeshishini elinye ekumisweni kwexabiso elinqununu lemveliso kunye nomthamo wemveliso. Ngeemeko ezinjalo, iqumrhu lihambelana namaxabiso xa linciphisa okanye linyuka. Amashishini athengisa iimveliso ezifanayo ziya kuba neendleko ezifanayo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ingcamango ye-oligopoly ayifanelekanga, inkampani iziphatha njengomntu ongu-monopolist. Esi sivumelwano sithathwa ngokungekho mthethweni kumashishini amaninzi.
Imizekelo ye-oligopol ehlabathini
Icandelo le-oligopolism liquka abavelisi abaninzi. Imizekelo yayo ingaba yimveliso ephuculweyo yobhiya, iikhomputha, insimbi. ERashiya zonke iitalho zilawulwa yiebhanki ezi-6 ezinkulu. Eminye imizekelo ye-oligopoly ibandakanya ukuveliswa kweemoto, phakathi kwazo iindawo eziyaziwayo "BMW" kunye ne "Mercedes", inqwelo yendiza "Boeing", "Airbus".
I-Oligopol e-US ihlukanise imarike yokuqala ehamba phambili kwiifemu ezine ezinkulu, kwakunye nokwakhiwa kweenqwelo moya nokuveliswa kwe-aluminium. Iikhamphani ezi-5 zakwa-90% yemveliso yokuhlamba imishini, iifriji, iigayibha kunye nobhiya. EJamani nase-United Kingdom, i-94% yoshishini locuba livelisa abakhiqizi abathathu. EFransi, i-100% yazo zonke iigarethi kunye namafriji ezandleni zenkampani ezintathu ezinkulu.
Iziphumo ze-oligopoly
Isimo sengqondo esingalunganga kwimiphumo ye-oligopol inxaxheba kwezoqoqosho ihlala ingagqibekanga. Ehlabathini lanamhlanje, abantu abaninzi bafuna ukuhlawula abantu abaqhelekileyo, okubangela ukuba bangathembeki kubo bonke abanomvuzo. Kodwa ukugxininiswa kwemveliso emikhulu kwishishini elinye kuyimfuneko ekuphuhliseni uqoqosho. Oku kungenxa yomsebenzi omkhulu, ochaphazela iindleko. Kwiifom zincinci, azinjalo.
Imveliso emikhulu, eyenza imveliso enkulu, isindisa ubuchwepheshe obutsha. Ukuba ubala ukuphuhliswa kweyeza elitsha, ufumana isibalo esimangalisayo - 610 yezigidi zeedola. Kodwa iindleko ziya kwiminyaka xa ziya kuveliswa kwimveliso. Iindleko zingabandakanywa kwiindleko, ezingayi kubachaphazela kakhulu intengo yayo. I-Oligopol kwizoqoqosho iyisityebi esinamandla ekuphuhliseni inkqubela phambili yesayensi kunye nezobuchwepheshe, ekufuneka inikwe isilathiso esifanelekileyo. Imiphumo ye-oligopoly inefuthe elihle ekunyuseni kwesikali kunye nokwandiswa kwemveliso.
Iincwadi zeOligopoly
Izibonelelo ezintsha zihlala zibonakala kwiimarike. Inzuzo ephakamileyo idonsa abakhuphiswano. Bawunqobe izithintelo kwaye bangene kwi shishini. Ukulawula imakethe ye-oligopoly iba nzima nakwixesha. Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obutsha, ukonga ukunyuka, kukho izithuba zamashishini athile. Abavelisi bahlala bejamelene nengxaki yexesha elifutshane okanye elide lokwenyuka inzuzo. Amanani asondele kwiqondo lokuzimela kwamashishini, ukwanda kwemali, kodwa emva kwexesha, impendulo kumarhwebo iyanda. Ezi ngxaki ziboniswa kwiincwadi:
- "Imigaqo yeMathematika yombono wobutyebi" uConot Augustin (1838). Kule ncwadi, i-Economist yaseFransi ibonise uphando lwakhe kwiingxaki ezinxulumene nombandela wexabiso kwiimarike zokhuphiswano kwiimarike.
- Ingcinga yezoqoqosho ngokuphindaphindiweyo "uMark Blaug. Inkcazelo yesine yale ncwadi ibonwa njengowodwa kuphela onohlobo lwayo kwimbali yengcinga yezoqoqosho.
- "Iingcali ezilishumi zezoqoqosho ezivela kuMarx ukuya kwiClénes" uJoseph Schumpeter. Incwadi ayisebenzisi nje kuphela njengethuluzi leengcali, kodwa ikwabonakala ngokubanzi lwabafundi.