Ingqolowa yebusika yenye yezona ziqhamo ezixabisekileyo kunye nezandileyo emhlabeni. Ixabiso leenkozo lithethwa ngumxholo weenqatha, iiprotheyini, i-carbohydrate nezinye izinto kunye nezilwanyana ezincinci kuwo. Ngokwinqanaba leprotheni, ingqolowa ebusika idlula zonke izityalo.
Njengoko kuyaziwa, umgubo wengqolowa usasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukwenza isonka, kwishishini le-confectionery, livelisa i-pasta, i-semolina. Iingqolowa zenza isitashi, utywala kunye njalo. Kwaye ukulahlwa kwamashishini okutywala kunye nokupasa kube ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo kwizilwanyana.
Uhlobo lweengqolowa zasebusika
Namhlanje luhlobo olusasazekayo lwengqolowa, oluneentsholongwane ezingama-250 kunye neentlobo eziliwaka eziliqela. Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo kunye ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngqolowa yasebusika:
- "Rosinka Tarasovskaya";
- "IGunya";
- "Nemchinovskaya-24";
- "Urhulumente weDon";
- "UMoscow-39";
- "I-Tarasovo isangqa";
- "Lyubava Odesskaya";
- "Ukrainka Poltava",
- "Lada Odessa";
- "Mironovskaya 65";
- "Mironovskaya 66";
- "Lelya";
- "IKharkov 105".
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ingqolowa ebusika ihlukaniswe ngamandla omgubo:
- Ingqolowa eqinileyo inqabile ingqolowa enomxholo weprotheni ephezulu, i-gluten yeqela lokuqala lekhwalithi, elinika isonka esiphezulu se-porous. Iphucula iipropati zomgubo ukusuka kwingqolowa ebuthathaka.
- Umyinge weengqolowa - ngeeprotheni ezingaphantsi kunye ne-gluten (iqela lekhwalithi yesithathu). Ngokuqhelekileyo, inezixhobo ezintle zokubhaka, kodwa ayikwazi ukuphucula umgubo kwiingqolowa ezibuthathaka.
- Ingqolowa encinci iphantsi kwiprotheni kunye ne gluten. Ukhula oluvela kuso lunikeza isonka sobutyebi obubi kunye ne-porosity ephantsi kunye nomthamo omncinci.
- Iingqolowa ezixabisekileyo - ngobunjani beenkozo zisondele kunzima, kodwa azihambisani nayo kwiipameters eziliqela.
Ukukhula kwengqolowa yasebusika
Ngenxa yeendlela ezibuthathaka, ingqolowa yasebusika iyimfuneko kakhulu kubaphambili bayo, kunye nokulungelelaniswa komhlaba, imeko ye-phytosanitary. Abaphambili abakuqalayo izityalo zokuvuna zakuqala: izityalo, izityalo, i- corn , i-buckwheat, i-rapeseed, ii-litate ezivuthiwe, kunye nama- oats .
Ukulungiswa komhlaba ngaphambi kokuhlwayela ingqolowa yasebusika kubandakanya ukulima kunye neentsimbi okanye iinkati. Umgangatho kufuneka ulungiswe kakuhle-ukuphakama kwama-crest emva kokulima akukwazi ukugqitha ngaphezu kwe-2 cm. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa ukusabalalisa okufanayo kunye nobunzulu obufanayo besityalo.
Ukususela ngqolowa ebusika inomdla kakhulu kumgangatho wezondlo kwihlabathi kunye ne-asidi yayo, kuyimfuneko ukuyilungisa ngaphambili, ukubonelela ngeevithamini kunye nezondlo, kunye nokugcina i-pH ye-6.5-7. Njengoko izichumisi zisebenzisa iingubo eziphezulu zokugqoka, i-phosphoric-potassium, kwaye ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo zongeza i-nitrogen fertilizer.
Imigaqo yokuhlwayela ingqolowa yasebusika iyahlukahluka kuxhomekeka kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kunye neemeko zemozulu, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo eli xesha liwela ngoSeptemba 10-20. Indlela yokuhlwayela - umgca ngegama lomgama okwe-15 cm ububanzi.
Iingqolowa zentsasa kunye nobusika
Umehluko ophezulu phakathi kwezi fom yeesinkwa ngexesha lokuhlwayelwa kwazo. Ngoko, ubusika uhlwayelwa ekwindla kwaye isivuno sivuna ihlobo elizayo. Ngethuba uvuno lwengqolowa luhlwayelwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kwaye isivuno sivuna ekwindla konyaka omnye.
Iintlobo zebusika zihluma ngaphambi kobusika, entwasahlobo ziyaqhubeka nokukhula kwazo kwaye zikhula kakhulu kunokohlobo lweentshukumo. Njengomthetho, iintlobo zasebusika zivelisa ukuvunwa okucebileyo, kodwa ziyakhula kuphela kwimimandla ebusika bekhephu kunye neendawo ezincinci. Ngaphandle kwekhava eliphakamileyo lekhephu, ingqolowa iya kubanda.
Ngenye indlela eyahlula ukolweni wengqolowa yasebusika entwasahlobo yentwasahlobo: i-korosi yengqolowa inokumelana nesomiso kwaye inempawu ezingcono zokubhaka, nangona zivelisa kakhulu. Ingqolowa ebusika ifuna imithombo engaphezulu.
Ingqolowa yasebusika ikhula kwiNgingqi yaseNtsundu yoMhlaba, kwiNyakatho yeCaucasus nakwiibhankini lasekunene leVolga. Spring - kwii-Urals, eSiberia naseTrans-Volga.