Izifo ezigulo - iluhlu lwezifo eziqhelekileyo kunye neentsholongwane eziyingozi

Izifo zentsholongwane zithintela iiseli apho kusekho ukuphulwa, oko i-agent isebenzisa. Uphando lwangoku luye lwabonisa ukuba oku kwenzeka kuphela ngobuthakathaka obunamandla bokuzikhusela, okungeke kusakwazi ukulwa nengozi.

Iziganeko zezifo zentsholongwane

Emva kokufumanisa ibhaktheriya kwacaca ukuba kukho ezinye izizathu zesifo. Ngethuba lokuqala, ii-virus zaqala ukuthethwa malunga nokuphela kwekhulu le-19, namhlanje ngaphezu kwezi-2 zeendidi zazo ziye zafundiswa. Zinezinto eziqhelekileyo-intsholongwane yintsholongwane idinga into ephilayo, kuba i-genetic material. Xa intsholongwane ifakwe kwiseli, i-genome yayo iyatshintsha, kwaye iqalisa ukusebenza kwi-parasite eye yangena ngaphakathi.

Iintlobo zezifo zentsholongwane

Ezi zifo-zifo zivame ukuhlukaniswa neempawu zabo zofuzo:

• Izifo zegciwane lesifo se-DNA - catarrhal yomntu, i-hepatitis B, i-herpes, i-papillomatosis, inkukhu yenkukhu, i-lichen;
• I-RNA-influenza, i-hepatitis C, i-HIV, i-poliomyelitis, i-AIDS.

Izifo zentsholongwane zingabuye zihlulwe ngokwempawu zempembelelo kwiseli:

• ii-particle ziqokelele kwaye ziyibulale;
• i-immun-mediated - intsholongwane ekwakhiwe kwi-genome ilele, kwaye i-antigens yayo iphuma ephezulu, ibeka iseli phantsi kwefuthe le-immune system, elibhekisele ekubeni lixhoba;
• uxolo - i-antigen ayivelwanga, i-latent state iqhubeka ixesha elide, ukuphindaphinda kuqala xa izimo ezifanelekileyo zidalwa;
• ukutshatyalaliswa - iseli iguqula kwisisu.

Intsholongwane yenziwa njani?

Ukusasazeka kwentsholongwane kaGawulayo yenziwa ngu:

1. Ukunyuka komoya. Izifo zentsholongwane yokuphefumula ziyahanjiswa ngokucoca ngezicucu ze-mucus ezityhutyha ngexesha lokukrazula.
2. Parenteral. Kule meko, lesi sifo sivela kumama ukuya kumntwana, ngexesha lokunyanzelisa unyango, ngokwesondo.
3. Ngokutya. Izifo ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane ziza ngamanzi okanye ukutya. Ngamanye amaxesha basesigxina sokulala ixesha elide, bebonakala nje ngaphantsi kwefuthe langaphandle.

Kutheni izifo zentsholongwane zinezifo zengculazi?

Zininzi iintsholongwane zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwaye zikhulu, ezibangele ukuvela kwezifo zesifo. Izizathu zezi zinto zilandelayo:

1. Ukunciphisa ukusasazwa. Zininzi iintsholongwane zegciwane kunye neentsholongwane zentsholongwane zidluliselwa ngokulula ngamaconsi omthi, zifakwe ngaphakathi ngaphakathi ngokuphefumla. Kule fomu, i-pathogen ingakwazi ukugcina umsebenzi ixesha elide, ngoko iyakwazi ukufumana izithuthi ezintsha ezintsha.
2. Isantya sokuzalisa. Emva kokungena emzimbeni, iiseli zichaphazelekayo enye, zibonelela ngesondlo esiyimfuneko.
3. Ukunyanzeliswa kokupheliswa. Ayisoloko iyaziwa indlela yokunyanga ukusuleleka kwintsholongwane, oko kukubangelwa kolwazi olubi, ithuba lokutshintshwa kweengxaki kunye nobunzima ekuxilongeni - kwinqanaba lokuqala lidideka kalula nezinye iingxaki.

Iimpawu zokusuleleka kwintsholongwane

Inkambo yezifo zentsholongwane ingahluka ngokuxhomekeka kohlobo lwayo, kodwa kukho iingongoma eziqhelekileyo.

1. Fever. Kuhamba kunye nokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa ukuya kuma-38 degrees, ngaphandle kokuphela kweefom zokukhanya ze-ARVI. Ukuba iqondo lokushisa liphezulu, oku kubonisa okukhoyo ngoku. Akuhlali ngaphezu kweveki ezimbini.
2. Rash. Izifo ezinobulunga zesikhumba zihambelana nale miboniso. Bangabonakala njengamabala, i-roseola ne-vesicles. Iimpawu zobuntwana, kwiindawo ezikhulayo ezincinci aziqhelekanga.
3. Meningitis. Ivela nge-enterovirus kunye nomkhuhlane , abantwana bahlala bejongana.
4. Ukuxiliswa - ukupheliswa kwesidlo, isisulu, isisu, ubuhlungu kunye nokulibala. Le miqondiso yesifo se-virus ngenxa yeengxube ezikhutshwe yi-pathogen ngexesha lokusebenza. Amandla okuba nefuthe kuxhomekeke kubunzima beli gulane, unzima kunabantwana, abadala abakwazi ukuyijonga.
5. Uhudo. Ingummiselo we-rotaviruses, isitulo sinamanzi, asiqukethe igazi.

IiNtsholongwane zeNtsholongwane zabantu - Uluhlu

Akunakwenzeka ukubiza inani elichanekileyo leentsholongwane - zihlala ziguquka, zongeza uluhlu olubanzi. Izifo zentsholongwane, uludwe lwazo lubekwe apha ngezantsi, zizona zidumileyo.

1. Flu kunye nokubandayo. Imiqondiso yabo kukuba: ubuthathaka, umkhuhlane, umqala. Ukusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa ze-antitiviral, i-antibiotics yongezwa ngokukongezwa kwongezwa kweebhaktheriya.
2. Rubella. Iso, indlela yokuphefumula, i-lymph nodes kunye nekhumba lomlomo ziwela phantsi kwefuthe. Isasazeka ngendlela yokuhambisa umoya, ihamba kunye nokushisa okuphezulu kunye nokukhupha isikhumba.
3. Amathumbu. Indlela yokuphefumula ichaphazelekayo, kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, iifomplethi zichaphazelekayo kumadoda.
4. Umkhuhlane ophuzi. Ixhaphaza isibindi kunye nemithambo yegazi.
5. Iimpawu. Ingozi kubantwana, ichaphazela amathumbu, umzila wokuphefumula kunye nesikhumba.
6. Laryngitis . Ngokuqhelekileyo kubakho kwimvelaphi yezinye iingxaki.
7. Poliomyelitis. Ingena kwigazi ngenxa yamathumbu nokuphefumula, xa ubuchopho buba nokukhubazeka.
8. Angina. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi, ezibonakaliswe yintloko, umkhuhlane ophezulu, intlungu emagqabini kunye nesibindi.
9. I-hepatitis. Naluphi na uhlobo olubangela isikhumba esiluphuzi, ukumnyama komchamo kunye nokungabalabala kwe-stool, okubonisa ukuphulwa kwemisebenzi emininzi yomzimba.
10. ITyphus. Kuqhelekileyo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, luchaphazela inkqubo yokujikeleza, kunokukhokelela kwisifo se-thrombosis.
11. Syphilis. Emva kwesilonda sezitho zangasese, i-pathogen ingena kumalungu kunye namaso, isasazeka ngakumbi. Ixesha elide alikho iimpawu, ngoko ke ukuhlolwa kwexesha kubalulekile.
12. Encephalitis. Ingqondo yonakaliswe, unyango alukwazi ukuqinisekiswa, umngcipheko wokufa uphezulu.

Iindiza ezinobungozi kakhulu kwihlabathi kubantu

Uluhlu lweentsholongwane ezimele ingozi enkulu emzimbeni wethu:

1. Hantavirus. I-agent causative isasazwa kwiigundane, ibangela amafiva ahlukeneyo, ukufa okuphakathi kwe-12 ukuya kwi-36%.
2. Influenza. Oku kubandakanya iindiza ezinobungozi kakhulu ezaziwa kwiindaba, iintlobo ezahlukileyo zingabangela ubhubhane, okwangoku kuchaphazela abantwana abadala nabancinci.
3. Marburg. Evuliwe kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-20, yimbangela yesifo somkhuhlane. Idluliselwa kwizilwanyana kunye nabantu abanesifo.
4. Rotavirus . Yimbangela yokurhudo, unyango lulula, kodwa kumazwe angaphantsi komhlaba, abantwana abangama-450 000 bafa minyaka yonke.
5. Ebola. Ngokweenkcukacha zonyaka ka-2015, ukufa kwabangama-42%, kuhanjiswa ngokuqhagamshelana nezilwanyana zomntu osulelekileyo. Imiqondiso yile: ukunyuka okubukhali kumbindi, ubuthathaka, intlungu kwiimisipha kunye nomqala, umonakalo, urhudo, ukuhlanza, ukuphuma kwegazi.
6. Dengue . Ukufa kuqikelelwa kuma-50%, okubhekiselele ekuxhatshazweni, ukukhawuleza, ukukhulelwa komzimba, ukubandakanyeka kwe-lymph node. Kwabiwa kwi-Asia, i-Oceania ne-Afrika.
7. Inqununu. Yaziwa ixesha elide, yingozi kubantu kuphela. Ifana ne-rash, fiver high, ukuhlanza kunye nentloko. Icandelo lokugqibela losulelo lwenzeka ngowe-1977.
8. Rabies. Idluliselwa kwizilwanyana ezifudumalayo, inokuchaphazela inkqubo ye-nervous. Emva kokubonakala kwempawu, impumelelo yonyango ayinakwenzeka.
9. Lossa. I-agent causative ithathwa ngamagundane, kuqala atholakala ngo-1969 eNigeria. Izintso ezichaphazelekayo, inkqubo yesantya, iqala i-myocarditis kunye nesifo segazi. Unyango luyinkimbinkimbi, umkhuhlane uthatha ubomi obungama-5 000 ngonyaka.
10. HIV. Ukudluliselwa ngokudityaniswa kunye neengxube zomntu ogulayo. Ngaphandle kwonyango, kukho ithuba lokuphila iminyaka engama-9-11, ubunzima balo bunokuhlala kutshintsho lweentsholongwane ezibulala amaseli.

Ukulwa nezifo zentsholongwane

Ubunzima bolu daba bukho kutshintsho oluqhubekayo lwezilwanyana ezinokuthi zenza unyango oluqhelekileyo lwezifo zentsholongwane. Oku kuyimfuneko ukukhangela amatsha amachiza, kodwa kwinqanaba langoku lokuphuhliswa kweyeza, amaninzi amanqanaba aphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza, ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kwesibhubhane. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zamukelwe:

• i-etiotropic-ukuthintela ukuveliswa kwe-pathogen;
• utyando;
• ukuguqula umzimba.

Amayeza okulwa nosulelo lwentsholongwane

Kwixesha le sifo, ukukhuseleka kuhlale kugxininisekile, ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka kuqiniswe ukubulala i-pathogen. Kwezinye iimeko, xa kukho isifo se-virus, i-antibiotics iyongezwa. Kubalulekile, xa usulelo lwebhaktheriya luhlangene, olubulawa kuphela ngale ndlela. Ngokugula okungcolileyo kwintsholongwane, ukuthatha la mayeza akuyi kuzisa nje imeko.

Ukuthintela izifo zentsholongwane

1. Ukugonywa kuyasebenza malunga ne-pathogen ethile.
2. Ukomeleza umkhuhlane - ukuthintela ukusuleleka kwezifo zentsholongwane ngale ndlela kubonisa ukuqina, ukutya okunempilo, ukuxhaswa kunye nezicatshulwa zezityalo.
3. Ukuqapha - ukukhutshwa koonxibelelwano nabantu abagulayo, ukukhutshwa ngokwesini esingavumelekanga ngesondo.