Ikhumba liyinxalenye enkulu kunazo zonke, ubunzima balo malunga neethathu zihlandlo zesibindi. Ukubonakalisa izinto ezinobungozi bendalo, ulusu lukhuselo olukhuselekileyo kumzimba, kwaye luthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokushushumbisa umzimba, ukuguquka komzimba, ukuphefumula. Isakhiwo sakhe sengqondo somntu sinobunzima ngokwaneleyo, ngoko siya kuwuqwalasela ngoluhlobo olulula kakhulu.
Uluhlu lwe zikhumba
Ulusu lomntu lumelelwe ngamacandelo amathathu:
- i-epidermis, ebuye iqulethe iindawo ezihlanu;
- idermisi - izicubu ezinxibelelwano ezimbini;
- i-hypodermis okanye i-fat fatcut.
Umgca ophezulu (ongaphandle) ungumgca-mva, ubunzima obuhluke kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba. Kuxhomekeke kule nto, ulusu lubekwe kwi-thick (kwi-soles, kwiintalms) kwaye lincinci (kwiindawo eziseleyo zomzimba).
Ulusu luxhaswa yii-derivatives zalo (izixhobo):
- izipikili;
- i inwele;
- izigulane;
- izigulane ezizimeleyo.
Epidermis
Kwi-epidermis akukho mijelo yegazi - iiseli zondliwa ngendawo ephakathi.
Iibhloko ze-epidermis:
- I-horny - yangaphandle, equkethe i-epithelium ekeratinizing; iiseli zayo zizaliswe ngeprotheni keratin kwaye, enyanisweni, sele zifile;
- i-shiny - izaliswe ngeprotheyini ekhethekileyo yeprotheni eyenza ukukhanya;
- i-grranular - imelwe yimigca e-1-5 yamaseli ahlambulukileyo;
- i-spiny - iqulethe imiqolo engama-3-8 yeeseli ezinemizila ye-cytoplasmic;
- isiseko - umgca ophantsi, ohlala kumgca we-basal, umda kumdem, kwaye uqukethe epithelium ye-prismatic.
Iiseli ze-strneum corneum zihlala zicima, zitshintshwa ngabantu abatsha, ezifudukela kwiindawo ezinzulu.
IDermis kunye ne-hypodermis
Isakhiwo se-dermis (ngokwenene ulusu) limelelwe ngamacandelwana amabini.
Kuloluhlu lwamapilisi anesisipha ezihamba kakuhle, ezinxulumene neenwele zeenwele, ukuphela kwezibilini kunye nama-capillari. Ngaphantsi kwe-papillary kuluhlu oluthile, olumelelwe nge-elastic, e-smooth muscle kunye ne-collagen fibers, ngenxa yokuba ulusu luqinile kwaye lukhulu.
I-fat fat or hypoderma iqulethwe ngamathambo amaninzi kunye namaqhina axhumeneyo. Apha, izondlo ziqokelelwe kwaye zigcinwe.
Isikhumba sobuso
Isakhiwo sesikhumba sabantu sichaphazelekayo kwiindawo ezithile zomzimba.
Kwiindawo zobuso kungumlinganiselo omncinci weengqungquthela ezixhambileyo - oku kukwazisa ukugqwesa kwesakhiwo sesikhumba ebusweni. Ngokuxhomekeke kwisixa sokufihlakelelwa yimfihlo ye-glands, kuyisiko ukuhlukanisa ulusu kwi-fat, ejwayelekile, eyomileyo kunye nohlobo oludibeneyo. Ebusweni kwamehlo kunye neentloko ze-epidermal ungqimba. Ulusu lobuso luyakwazi ukuthintela kwimpembelelo yemozulu kunye nefuthe lokusingqongileyo, ngoko ke ludinga ukunakekelwa ngononophelo.
Isikhumba sezandla
Kwiintendelezo (kunye nasezintendweni zeenyawo) azikho iincundu zeebhokhwe kunye neengqungquthela ezixhambileyo, kodwa iigulane ezikhukhulayo kule mimandla zizona zininzi - ngenxa yezinto ezikhutshwe yizo, izandla azithethi xa zihamba. Isakhiwo sesikhumba seentendelezo zezandla sichaphazeleka ngokuthe ngqo ngokuthe ngqo kwiisuncu ezincinci. Emuva kweentende, ulusu lukhulu kakhulu, luyathandeka kwaye lube lubucayi - bubulele kule micimbi umntu angakwazi ukucwenga iminwe.
Isikhumba sentloko
Iimpawu zesakhiwo se-scalp zibangelwa ubukho beepilisi zentloko, ezenziwe ngokubanjwa kwe-anicon tissue, ekhoyo kwi-follicle ye-sac. Umnqophiso omncinane wombhobho ubizwa ngokuba yingcambu, iinwele ngokwayo zikhula kuwo. Inxalenye esecaleni kwe-epidermis ibizwa ngokuba yi-hair shaft, ezijikelezileyo ziyi-conclusions zeengqungqungquthela zengqungquthela kunye ne-sweat. Kwipilisa, ukuphela kwezibilini kunye ne-capillaries ezondla i-bulb kunye nokukhula kweenwele zifanelekile.
Imisebenzi Yesikhumba
Ukubunjwa kunye nesakhiwo sesikhumba sichaza ukubaluleka kwayo kunye nemisebenzi ephambili:
- Ukukhusela (ukusuka kwimpembelelo yamachiza, i-UV-ray, ukulahleka kobutyu);
- i-thermoregulatory (ngenxa yokufudumala kwe-sweat kunye nokushisa kwelanga);
- i-excretory (i-excretion ye-salts, imveliso ye-metabolic, iziyobisi ezikhukhulayo);
- i-endocrine kunye ne-metabolic (ukuhlanganiswa kwama-hormone, ukuqokelela i-vitamin D);
- i-receptor (ngenxa yokuphela kweentliziyo);
- ukuzivikela emzimbeni (ukuthatha inxaxheba ekwakheni impendulo yomzimba).