Ukuqinisekisa ubudlelwane bomntu kunye nomntwana kuyimfuneko kwiimeko ezimbini: ukuba ngaba ubaba uqobo ungathandabuzeki ngalolu hlobo, okanye wenqaba ukuqaphela umntwana kwaye athathe inxaxheba (ngokwezinto eziphathekayo nangokomzwelo) ekukhuliseni kwakhe. Ukuqhuba uhlalutyo oluhambelanayo kunokwenzeka kokubili ngokuzithandela, kwaye phantsi kwesigqibo samagqeba olawulo.
Uvavanyo lwezentombi
I-code yezofuzo zomntwana ezinxenyeni ezilinganayo (50% nganye) ihambelana nama-chromosomes kayise nonina. Iingqungquthela zeDNA , apho ulwazi oluthile lufumaneka khona, kuthiwa loci. Kulowo nalowo kukho idatha yesigidi esisodwa. Ukuseka u-Dater, i-DNA, kuyimfuneko ukuhlola i-loci phantsi kwe-microscope yedijithali ngokunyuka kwezigidi eziliqela. Okokuqala, i-chromosomes yomama ifunyenwe, emva koko amaqendu asele afaniswa kunye neesampuli zikayise (izinto eziphathekayo zofuzo - igazi, umatha) kufuneka. Ukuba zifana, le ndoda ingu-99.9% we-baby's biological daddy.
Ngaba inzala ingasungulwa ngaphambi kokuzalwa komntwana?
Xa kukho abaviwa abaningana kwendima yentloko yexesha elizayo, ukuhlolwa kwexesha lesandulela-matyala (isithuba sokubeleka) kuyamkeleka. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuseka ubuntwaba ngexesha lokukhulelwa kufuneka kugqitywe ngumama emva kokubonisana nodokotela wegazi. Ukuthatha impahla ye-biological ye-fetus iyadingeka ukuba yenze i-puncture. Yindlela enomngcipheko kwaye eyingozi kakhulu engakhokelela ekulahlekelweni komntwana.
Kukho indlela encinane engozi yokwenza u-paternity. Ukuhlalutya, igazi legazi elinomdla kunye nonina osolwayo kuthathwa. Ukususela kwi-biological fluid yowesifazane, i-DNA yomntwana yabelwe kwaye kuthelekiswa nedatha yemfuza yomntu. Ukuthembeka kovavanyo olunjalo kuncinci kunokuba kusetyenziswe iteknoloji engavumelekanga, ngoko kuyacetyiswa ukuba kuqhutywe emva kokukhulelwa.
Indlela yokuseka umzali emva kokufa kukayise?
Ingxaki esicatshulwayo ixazululwa ngokusemthethweni kuphela. Ukuba umntu ebomini bakhe wavuma ukuba nguyise, ukubonakalisa oku kusemthethweni kuya kubakho ukubonelela ubungqina:
- iileta;
- iifoto;
- Imbalelwano kwiintanethi zentlalo okanye kwizithunywa zangethuba;
- imiyalezo yefoni;
- idayari;
- ubungqina bentsapho okanye abahlobo kunye neendlela ezifanayo.
Kunzima ukufumana indlela yokuseka umzali xa uyise sele eswelekile kwaye wayephikisana ngaphambili nomntwana wakhe. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ubungqina obuphezulu bentendelezo abukholisi, kwaye kubalulekile ukukhangela iimpahla zomzimba zomntu. Ngamanye amaxesha ufanele ufumane imvume yokuphuma emzimbeni. Iisampuli ezilandelayo zifanelekileyo:
- egazini okanye eyomileyo igazi;
- iinwele nge-bulb;
- isidoda;
- isikhumba;
- izipikili.
Ungayifaka njani inzala ngaphandle kweDNA?
Ukuba akukho nto yezinto eziphilayo zokuthelekiswa kwemvelo, kunzima kakhulu ukubonisa ubungqina obuhlobene. Izindlela ezingachanekanga indlela yokuseka u-Dater ngaphandle kwe-DNA kuquka ukufunyanwa kwezinto zangaphandle phakathi komntu nomntwana okanye ubungqina bezihlobo kunye nabahlobo abasondeleyo. Ukongeza, unokufumana umhla wokuzala. Ubungqina obungasentla bunganiki na isiqinisekiso sokuba indoda uyiyise womntwana. Iindlela ezinjengokuseka umbutho ongenamthetho, ingakumbi xa ubaba otyholayo enqaba ukubandakanyeka kwakhe.
Indlela yokuseka umtshato xa umtshato ungabhaliswanga?
Ingxaki ebalulekileyo yokubambisana kunye nokungabikho kwamadoda ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwinkxaso yenkxaso kunye nemfundo yabantwana abadibeneyo emva kokuhlukana nomfazi. Kule meko, umama kufuneka azi indlela yokuseka umzekelo kunye nefayile ye-alimony. Ngamanye amaxesha kunokwenzeka ukulungisa le ngxabano ngokuthula, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo amabhinqa kufuneka aphendule kubaqeqeshi ukuba bancede.
Indlela yokuseka isondlo ngokuzithandela?
Ukuba umntu akathandabuzi ubuhlobo bakhe nomntwana, yenziwe ngokukhawuleza emva kokuvela komntwana. Oku kwenzekayo xa ukwenza izenzo (eziqhelekileyo) isimo seburhulumenteni kwizakhiwo zombuso. Kwisitifiketi sokuzalwa esiyifumeneyo, idatha yedatha yangempela ifakiwe, nangona engekho emtshatweni womtshato kunye nonina.
Xa umntu engaqinisekanga ngokubandakanyeka "kwindalo" yelungu elitsha lentsapho, unokwenza ukuthelekiswa kwe-DNA kunye nokuthelekiswa kwaye ubeke ubuntano ngexesha lokukhulelwa okanye (mhlawumbi) emva kokuzalwa. Kulo mviwo, utata otyalwayo uya kufuneka athathe enye yeesampuli zezinto eziphathekayo:
- isidoda;
- igazi;
- mathe.
Unokumisela njani ukuzinza?
Kukho amadoda amaninzi abengafuni ukusebenzisana nomntwana ngenxa yokungafuni ukuhlawula i-alimony. Okukuphela kwenketho, indlela yokunyanzelisa ukuba ubaba babapapa abanjalo - ukuya enkundleni. Nangona ufumana imfihlelo ngokufihlakeleyo kwaye uzinikezele kuhlalutyo lwebhubhoratri, iziphumo zokuvavanya aziyi kuba namandla omthetho. Ngaphandle kwemvume yendoda, umntu akanako ukubonisa ukuba iisampula ze-biological zinikezelwe.
Indlela yokuseka isondlo ngeenkundla?
Ummangalelwa kwiimeko ezichaziweyo unoku:
- ndoda;
- umfazi;
- umntwana.
Kukho inqubo yokumisela inkundla enkundleni. Okokuqala kufuneka uqokelele amaxwebhu afanelekileyo:
- isitatimende sesibango;
- ikopi eqinisekisiweyo yesatifikethi sokuzalwa;
- ubungqina obuxhasayo inyaniso yobunini;
- fumana irhafu yemali ehlawulwe.
Emva kokulungiselela amaphepha kunye necala elikhoyo, kufuneka uqhagamshelane nenkundla yesithili esondele. Iintlanganiso ziya kucwangciswa ngexesha apho kuya kwenziwa isigqibo malunga nendlela yokuseka umtshato. Ukuba kukho ubungqina bobuninzi, ukuvumela ukuba wenze isigqibo ngaphandle kokuhlolwa kofuzo, ukuhlolwa akukwenziwanga. Xa ubungqina bungahambelani, kugqitywa ukuba kwenziwe iimvavanyo zelabhoratri. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zabo, inkundla iya kwenza isigqibo sokugqibela malunga nomnye weqela.
Indlela yokuseka umama xa umama echasene nayo?
Imeko apho umfazi ekhusela ukukhulumisana phakathi kopapa nomntwana wakhe akuqhelekanga. Ukuba ubaba wezinto eziphilayo ufuna ukusekela umntwana ngaphandle kokuthanda kwakhe, kufuneka afake izicelo kwiibhunga ezilawulayo. Ukuqala isilingo, indoda kufuneka ilandele inkqubo echazwe ngasentla, ngaphambi kokulungiselela amaxwebhu afanelekileyo kunye nobungqina.
Amabango anjalo asenokunganeliswa kwezi zizathu zilandelayo:
- Ukuqinisekiswa kobudlelwane nomntu kuya kubachaphazela kakubi isimo sengqondo somntwana;
- ubaba ophilayo uzama ukubeka umtshato ngenxa yezizathu zobugovu;
- Umntwana ngokwakhe akafuni ukuqonda ubudlelwane begazi nomntu (ukuba uneminyaka eyaziwayo).
Indlela yokuseka umzali xa uyise echasene nayo?
Ukumane nje ukungafuni ukuqonda ubudlelwane bezinto eziphilayo akuqwalaselwe njengobungqina obuqinileyo kwisakhelo somthetho, xa lo mfazi sele ezalisekise zonke iimeko ezichazwe ngasentla ukuze ziqalise le meko kwaye zithumele amaphepha afanelekileyo. Ngexesha leentlanganiso, isigqeba esilawulayo siya kuthatha isigqibo sokuba ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba kusetyenziswe ubume ngaphandle kokuqhuba uvavanyo lwemizimba, nokuba ingafaniswa ne-laboratory DNA.
Ngamanye amaxesha umntwana okhulileyo sele efuna ukuqinisekisile ubuhlobo bakhe begazi nomntu. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukufowunelwa kwezibheno zifakwe xa abantwana befikelela kwiminyaka yobudala okanye xa kwenzeka ukufa komnye wabalindi okanye abazali. Indlela eya kusekwa ngayo umntwana ngokulinganayo iyafana nenkqubo echazwe kumama okanye uyise oyinyaniso.