Abantwana besikolo banamhlanje babeya kukhwankqiswa xa beyazi kwiimeko apho abantwana baseRoma baseRoma bafunda ...
Namhlanje ivila ayigxininisi imfundo yanamhlanje, ikhangele emva kwento yokuba "yayifundiswa kangcono". Okwangoku, iingxaki ezinjalo zihlala zikhona: kwimbali yoluntu kwakungekho nqanaba elokuba wonke umntu uya kuvuyela uqeqesho lwabantwana babo. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukujonga kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye sicacise indlela abantwana abaphila ngayo ngaphambi kokuba sifunde.
Ngubani onokuya kwiziko lemfundo?
Amaziko okuqala emfundo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-scholae, atholakala kwiRoma yakudala kwikhulu le-III BC. Abemi abampofu babengatholakali kuqeqesho kuba zonke izikolo zahlawulwa. Nangona kunjalo, abasebenzi, abenzi bezobugcisa kunye namakhoboka abazange bangene kwi-idea yokufuna imfundo yamahhala kubantwana babo-bafunde zonke izakhono ezifunekayo ekhaya, basebenza njengabafundi basebuntwaneni. Abameli abacebileyo baseRoma babanika abantwana babo kwizikolo ezizimeleyo apho abantwana babo bafunda ukufunda nokubhala oonxibelelwano abancedo.
Ekuqaleni, amantombazana kunye namakhwenkwe aqeqeshwa kwiklasi enye, kodwa kamva inkqubo yezemfundo eyahlukeneyo yaziswa. Ngenxa yobunzalamili ngelo xesha, kwezinye izifundo, amakhwenkwe afundiswa ubugcisa bokulwa kunye neziseko zomthetho waseRoma, kunye namantombazana afundiswa isiseko seyeza, ukuphathwa kwabasebenzi kunye nokunyamekela abantwana. Akunakutsholwa ukuba isondo esibuthakathaka sasixelisekile: ngokuchaseneyo, emva kokuphela kwebanga lokuqala, amantombazana ayeqeshwe ngabafundisi abongezelelweyo kwizifundo zasekhaya. Ukongezelela kwizifundo ezisisiseko, umqeqeshi womfundi wayemfundisa ukucula, ukudansa, ukuhlaziya kunye nomculo: uphuhliso luye lwaba ngaphezu kokubanzi. Ukufundiswa umtshakazi, mhlawumbi wayeza kuba ngumfazi wezopolitiko ovelele.
Yintoni eyayisisiseko senkqubo yoqeqesho?
Imfundo yamaRoma ngokwayo yahlula yaba zizikolo ezibini: ukwesaba nokuzonwabisa ngenxa yokufunda. Kwezinye, iinjongo eziphambili zithuba lokufumana intlungu ngenxa yokungathobeli kunye nezifundo ezingafundile, kwabanye - umnqweno wokubandakanyeka kwiingxabano eziphilileyo kunye kunye nokufuna inyaniso. Kwiziko lohlobo lokuqala, abantwana babethwa ngenxa yecala elincinci, njengoko ootitshala babeqinisekile ukuba umntwana uya kufunda ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba wayeyika uotitshala kuze kube sekufeni. Izikolo ezininzi zedemokhrasi zenza umdla ekuphulaphuleni iiseshoni kunye nezingxoxo zengqondo kunye nabafundi kunye nobuhlobo bootitshala nabafundi.
Ngubani ootitshala bezikolo zaseRoma?
Ekubeni uqeqesho lwahlawulwa kwaye lubiza imali eninzi, inkqubo yokufundisa inokuthenjwa yinto engcono kakhulu. Abasunguli bezikolo zokuqala babengabakhanya be-Scientific okanye izigqila zamaGrikhi ezizikhululekileyo ezizise kwisixeko inkqubo yemfundo yabonwa ezweni labo. Urhulumente waseRoma ngokukhawuleza waqiniseka ukuba amakhoboka kunye nabakhululekileyo abangekho ootitshala abangcono kakhulu, kuba bengazi kakuhle, abanalo ixesha lokubona ihlabathi kunye nokusebenza ngemikhono yabo. Ukufundiswa kwezifundo eziphambili, umkhosi wamagosa, ezopolitiko, abahwebi abacebileyo bamenywa. Babenento yokuxelela kwaye bangabelana ngamava okwenene afunyanwa empini okanye ngexesha lokuhamba-le mfundo yayixabiswa ngaphezu kwezifundo ezithandekayo ezazifundwa ngamakhoboka okufunda.
Yayibukeka njani isikolo saseRoma sasendulo?
I-scholae yasendulo yamaRoma yahluke kwiziko lezemfundo zanamhlanje ezinesakhiwo esithile kunye nenkxaso yombuso. Babekho kwizakhiwo zevenkile okanye kwithuba (iibhafu zaseRoma). Abanikazi bezikolo baqeshisa indawo kwizakhiwo zabucala, ukucima iiklasi kwi-curry eyes kunye nekhethini elilukiweyo. Ifenitshala yefenitshala yayincinci: utitshala wayehleli esihlalweni sokhuni, kwaye abafundi babekho kwiindawo eziphantsi, beka yonke into efunekayo kwiiklasi ngamadolo.
Iphepha lalinzima kakhulu ukuvunyelwa kubafundi abangcolileyo besikolo esiprayimari. Abo bantwana abangazange bakwazi ukubhala, babamba ngezifundo ngokuvakalayo, abanye - babhala ngeenyawo kwiiplati ezixilisiweyo. Abafana abakhulileyo, befunda le leta ngaphandle kweeposiso, bafumana imvume yokubhalela kwesikhumba esenziwe ngamacenge kunye ne-papyrus ngokweendlela zeYiputa zasendulo.
Ziziphi izifundo ezifundiswa ezikolweni?
Ebukumkanini baseRoma, i-canon yesikolo yayisungulwa okokuqala-uluhlu oluyimpoqo lweengqeqesho kunye nolululwazi lwemibuzo umfundi ayifunde ngaphambi kokuba angene kumntu omdala. Baye babhalwa kwaye banikezelwa kwizizukulwana ezizayo i-Varro (116-27 BC): wabiza izifundo ezilisisiseko ezisisiseko-igrama, i-arithmetic, i-geometry, i-astronomy, i-rhetoric, i-dialectics, umculo, amayeza kunye nezokwakha. Njengoko sele sele khankanywe ngasentla, ezinye zazo zazibhekwa nje "njengowesifazana", ngoko iyeza kunye nomculo kamva kwakungabandakanywa kwiluhlu oluphambili. Nangona ekuqaleni kwe-millennium entsha, ukunconywa okulungileyo kunowesifazane ongumRoma kwakuyi "puella docta" - "ugqirha wangempela". Izifundo zezikolo zabizwa ngokuthi "ubugcisa bezandla", ngenxa yokuba zazijoliswe kubantwana bezakhamuzi zamahhala. Okuthakazelisayo, izakhono zekhoboka zazibizwa ngokuthi "ubugcisa bemishini."
Uqeqesho luya njani?
Xa abafundi bezikolo zanamhlanje bekhalaza malunga nexesha elixakekile, bafuna ukuthetha ngendlela abantwana baseRoma baseRoma bafunda ngayo. Bekungenayo imihla: iiklasi zaqhutywa iintsuku ezisixhenxe ngeveki! Iholide zeSikolo zaphela ngeeholide zentsapho, ezabizwa ngokuba yi "extravaganza". Ukuba kwakukho ubushushu behlobo ebudeni beeklasi, iiklasi ziye zayeka ngaphambi kokuba ziwe kwaye ubuya kuphinda usebenze ngaphandle kokulimaza impilo yakho.
Unyaka wesikolo uqale ngoMatshi, iiklasi zaqala imihla ngemihla kwaye zaphela ngokuqala kobumnyama. Esikolweni, abantwana babalwa kwiibhilikhwe, iminwe okanye iindwangu, basebenzisa inki kwi-rubber, inkunkuma kunye ne-octopus fluid yangaphakathi.
Ndingahamba phi emva kwesikolo?
Iiyunivesithi zazingekho kwimbonakalo yazo yangoku, kodwa i-adolescents ingaqhubeka nokuqhuba izifundo emva kwesikolo esikolweni. Emva kokugqitywa kuwo xa uneminyaka eyi-15-16, amadoda amancinci, eneemali ezaneleyo kubazali bawo, awela kwizinga eliphezulu lezemfundo-isikolo esichengileyo. Apha baqhelana ne-oratory, imithetho yokwenza iintetho, ezoqoqosho, ifilosofi. Isidingo semfundo enjalo sakhutshwa yilokuba abaphumelele kwizikolo zeengxelo zecandelo elivakalayo baqinisekiswe ukuba babe ngamanani karhulumente, kunye nabasenatri.