Sasivame ukucinga ukuba i-antibiotics ngamachiza enkcenkceshe kakhulu, kodwa kukho izixhobo ezinobungozi ezikhuselekileyo ezinokujamelana nokusuleleka kwiindlela ezimbini kwaye ngelo xesha ziba nefuthe elibi kumzimba wesigulane. Ezi zi yobisi "ezimhlophe kunye" ziyi-macrolides. Yintoni ekhethekileyo ngabo?
"Ngoobani" zizinto ezinjalo?
Ezi antibiotics zinesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi yamakhemikhali, iimpawu zokuqonda ukuba ngubani, ukuba kunzima kangakanani ukuba awuyiyo yendalo. Kodwa siya kuzama ukuqonda. Ngoko, iqela lama-macrolides yinto equkethe i-macrocyclic i-lactone ring, apho kukho iinombolo zee-athomu ze-khabhoni. Ngokwale mqathango, la mayeza ahlukaniswe ngama-macrolides alungu-14 kunye no-16 kunye ne-azalides, equle i-athomu ze-carbon 12. Ezi antibiotics zihlelwe njengezixhobo zendalo.
Iyokuqala yayingu-erythromycin (ngowe-1952), eqhubeka ehlonishwa oogqirha. Kamva, kwiminyaka yama-70 neye-80, i-macrolides zanamhlanje zifunyenwe, ezithe zafika ngokukhawuleza kwishishini kwaye zabonisa iziphumo ezintle zokulwa nezifo. Oku kwasebenza njengenkuthazo yokuqhubela phambili ukufundwa kwamakhamera, ngenxa yokuba uluhlu lwawo namhlanje lukhulu kakhulu.
Ukusebenza kwamacrodes kusebenza njani?
Ezi zinto zingene kwi-cell cell kwaye ziphazamise ukuhlanganiswa kweprotheni kwi-ribosomes yayo. Kakade ke, emva kokuhlaselwa okunjalo, isifo sobuthathaka sinikela. Ukongeza kwizenzo zokulwa ne-antibiotic, i-antibiotic macrolides iphethe i-immunomodulatory (ilawulwa ngumzimba) kunye nomsebenzi ochasayo (kodwa ulinganise kakhulu).
Ezi zi yobisi zijongene ngokufanelekileyo ne-gram-positive cocci, i-microbacteria ye-atypical kunye nezinye izikhubazo ezibangelwa i-pertussis, i-bronchitis, i-pneumonia, i-sinusitis nezinye izifo ezininzi. Kungekudala, ukuchasana kuye kwagqalwa (iimbonakaliso zisetyenziselwa kwaye aziyikiyo ngamayeza aphikisayo), kodwa i-macrolides yesizukulwana esitsha igcina umsebenzi wayo ngokumalunga nemagciwane amaninzi.
Ziyiphi na iimpawu eziphambili eziphathwe ngayo?
Phakathi kwezibonakaliso zokusetyenziswa kwezi zi yobisi izifo ezinjengalezi:
- izifo zokuphefumula - i-diphtheria, ukukhwehlela, i-pneumonia ye-atypical, ukunyuka kwe-bronchitis engapheliyo, i-sinusitis embi;
- izifo eziluhlaza, i-skin - folliculitis, furunculosis, paronychia;
- izifo ezithathelwa ngesondo - chlamydia, syphilis;
- Izifo zomlomo - periostitis, periodontitis.
Kwakhona iziqulatho zezizukulwana zakutshanje zinyango i-toxoplasmosis, i-acne (ngendlela eqinile), i-gastroenteritis, cryptosporidiosis kunye nezinye izifo ezibangelwa izifo. Amayeza omzimba weqela lama-macrolide asetyenziswa kwakhona kwi-prophylaxis - kwiamazinyo, i-rheumatology, kwimisebenzi yamathumbu amakhulu.
Ukungqinelana kunye nemiphumo emibi
Njengazo zonke iziyobisi, ii-macrolides zinoluhlu lweempembelelo ezingathandekiyo kunye nokuchasene, kodwa kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba olu luhlu luncinci kunezinye i-antibiotics. Ii-Macrolides zibhekwa njengezona zininzi ezingekho zityhefu kwaye zikhuselekile phakathi kwamachiza afanayo. Kodwa kwiimeko ezinqabileyo kakhulu, ukuphendula okungafunekiyo kulandelayo kunokwenzeka:
- intloko, isiyezi, ukulahlekelwa kwindlebe;
- isicongconi, isifo sohudo, ukuhlanza, isisu esiswini;
- ukukhawuleza, ukuvuthwa.
Ukulungelelwa kweqela lama-macrooids aphikisiwe:
- abafazi abakhulelweyo nabancenga;
- abantwana abangaphantsi kweenyanga ezili-6 ubudala (ukungaphendulanga okungafundwayo);
- Abantu abanomdla ngamnye kwiziyobisi.
Ngokunyamekela ezi zi yobisi kufuneka ziphathwe zizigulane ezinobungozi obunobungozi kunye nomsebenzi wezintso.
Ziziphi iimakrodidi?
Sisebenzisa uluhlu oluneziqhamo eziqhelekileyo zesizukulwana esitsha, sithembele kwisigaba sabo.
- Indalo: oleandomycin, erythromycin, spiramycin, midecamycin, leucomycin, josamycin.
- I-Semisynthetic: i-roxithromycin, i-clarithromycin, i-dirithromycin, i-flurithromycin, i-azithromycin, i-rookitamycin.
Ezi zinto zisebenza kumayeza omhlaza, amagama awo ahluke kumagama e-macrolides. Ngokomzekelo, kwilungiselelo elithi "Azitroks" into esebenzayo yi-macrolide-azithromycin, kunye nelotion "Zinerit" - erythromycin.