Umfanekiso wokufa ngeenkulungwane zihlala zikhangelekile kwiinkcubeko nobugcisa. Abaninzi babalinganiswa bevela kwixesha elidlulileyo, kwaye phakathi kwabo - unqulo lwangaphambili lwesiGrike u-Thanatos, obethatyathwa njengelutsha olumaphiko e-hood, enekhenkco elitshiweyo esandleni sakhe. Wayefanisa ukuphela kokuphila.
Yintoni i-Thanatos?
Ngokomxholo jikelele, i-thanatos ngumnqweno wokufa kwinqanaba lezakhono kunye nomntu walo. Eli gama lavela egameni lombutho wasendulo, owaziwa nangokuthi nguFanatos, uTanat kunye noFan, onqulo lwakhe lwalukho ngeenkulungwane ezininzi eSparta. Ukususela kumandulo wesiGrike, igama lakhe liguqulelwe ngokuthi "ukufa" (thanatos). Umfanekiso wawubonakaliswa kungekhona nje kwiingcamango, kodwa nakubugcisa, kwengqondo kunye ne-psychoanalysis. Ingqiqo inentsingiselo ezininzi.
Thanatos kwifilosofi
Ukususela kwimbono yefilosofi, i-thanatas inomtsalane wokuzibhubhisa, ukubola nokutshatyalaliswa. Ngokubambisana noBomi, i-Eros, le ngongoma yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuba. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba umntu uguqulela njani ukufa kwakhe kwaye akabonakali emva kokufa , uhlala ecinga nje ngendlela yokwandisa ubomi nokuphucula. Ukucatshulwa kwefilosofi kwimixholo yokufa kuphele iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Yinto engunaphakade yengcamango yabantu. Ukuqwalasela ngokugqithiseleyo umbandela kwaphawulwa ngamaxesha amaninzi:
- ngexesha lokuzikhethela;
- ngemihla kaFedorov noDostoevsky, xa kwakukho iingxoxo zokomoya;
- kwiSiliva yobudala (ukufudula ukukhusela abantu).
Kwifilosofi yaseRashiya, inzululwazi engaphelelanga neyodwa ihlalutya le ngxaki. Ukususela kuma-1990, uMbutho we-Thanatologists eSt. Petersburg uye wapapasha i-almanac "Imifanekiso ye-Thanatos". Iingxaki zokupapashwa zilandelayo:
- iimpawu zokufa;
- imifanekiso ebugcisa;
- ukuzibulala;
- izixhobo zeenkomfa zamazwe ngamazwe, njl.
Thanatos kwi Psychology
Ngekhulu lemashumi amabini, iingcamango zefilosofi zikaSchopenhauer kunye nenkolelo yezinto eziphilayo ze-Weismann zavumela ukuba zibe nomfanekiso wokufa kunye neminye yamandla ayo. Impendulo yombuzo woluphi uhlobo lwe-thanatos kwi-psychology lwalufunwa ngabaphathi be-psychoanalyst ezivelele: E. Weiss, P. Federn, M. Klein, Z. Freud, nabanye.Umfo wezifo zengqondo wase-Austrian uWilheim Steeckel wazisa ingcaciso nencazelo yekota. Umzabalazo wokuphila kunye nokufa, ubundlobongela kunye nokutshabalalisa kubalulekile. Yiyo isiseko sobukho bomntu kunye nomsebenzi wakhe wengqondo. Ezi zinto zimbini ezichaseneyo zibini kwaye zithwala amagama oothixo bamaGrike kwizengqondo.
Eros noTanatos ngoFranud
Isazi-psychoanalyst esaziwayo uSigmund Freud sathintela izilwanyana ezimbini, isimo-sobomi nokufa. Intando yowokuqala ibonisa uEros - isistim sokuzimela nokuziphatha ngokwesini. I-Thanatos ngokubhekiselele ku-Freud inamandla kwaye isebenza ngokusekelwe kumbane we-libido. Ingaba yimiba emibini:
- Kujoliswe kubantu nakwezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo, kwaye ke unesimo sezenzo ezibhubhisayo, umzekelo, ukuchithwa kwezinto, ukukhathazeka, njl njl.
- Ugxile kuwe. Isimo esinjalo sibonakaliswa kwi- masochism nokuzama ukuzibulala.
Ngomsebenzi wakhe "I and It" (1923), uFranud ugxininisekile ukuba kwi-psyche kukho umzabalazo ohlala phakathi kweebini ezimbini. I-Thanatos ne-Eros ziphikisana, kwaye phakathi kwezi zihlandlo ezimbini zithi "mna" womntu. U-Eros ungumphulaphuli woxolo kwaye uthobela umgaqo wokuzonwabisa. Kwaye "okufayo" isisetyenziselwa ukuphumla nokutsala umntu.
Thanatos - Mythology
Kwiingcali zamaGrike, abantu bazama ukuphendula imibuzo enomdla, ukuqonda ukuba. Ngoko "umchasi" we-Eros yayiyimveliso yobumnyama. Unkulunkulukazi wobusuku, unina waseTanatos, wabiza igama elithi Nyukta ("ubusuku") wabantu obumnyama obuza ngokushona kwelanga. Ukusuka koothixo wobumnyama obungunaphakade, uErebus, uNyukta wazala oonyana neentombi. Phakathi kwabo kwakunguThixo wokufa. Wacinga kwiingxelo zeHercules (phantsi kwegama leTanat) kunye noSisyphus. Ukhankanywe kwiTheogony's Theogony, kwi-Iliad yaseHomer kunye nezinye iimbali zasendulo. UThixo wayenayo icawa yakhe eSparta, kwaye ubuso bakhe bathatyathwa ukuba buboniswe kwimigodi emininzi.
Ngubani u Thanatos?
Kwimifanekiso yamandulo yamaGrisi, unkulunkulu u Thanatos ubonakala kwimifanekiso eyahlukeneyo, kodwa zonke zikhangeleka, zicinga ukuba umlingiswa uqobo. Njengomthetho, umelwe njengolu hlobo:
- umfana onamaphiko emva komva wakhe;
- kwengubo emnyama;
- ephethe ezandleni zakhe isithanga esiphelile kunye nekrele.
Indawo yokuhlala yakhe - iTartar kunye nale nsizwa ikhangelene netrone yeAida. Kubantu umthunywa wokuphela ngowona mzuzu xa ixesha lokuphila, elilinganiselwe nguothixokazi bexesha elizayo liphela. Umthunywa weHadesi uyanqumla intloko yeenwele ephuma entloko "yokubhujiswa" kwaye ubeka umphefumlo wakhe kwindawo yabafileyo. AmaGrike asendulo ayekholelwa ukuba ngamanye amaxesha uTanat unikeza ithuba lesibini ebomini.
Thanatos kunye ne-Hypnos
Ngokomgca, u-Thanatos, unkulunkulu wokufa, wayenomzalwana ongamawele ka-Hypnos, kwaye imifanekiso yabo ayinakulinganiswa. Kwezinye izinto zobugcisa kunye neengcibi ziyakubonwa njengabafana abamhlophe nabamnyama. Ngokomlando, i-Hypnos yayihlala ihamba kunye nokufa kwaye ithwala iphupha ngamaphiko akhe. Ukunyamekela, ukuxhasa wonke umntu, umzalwana kaTanatos wayehluke kakhulu kuye. Ukuba ukufa kwabazonda abantu kunye noothixo, i-Hypnos yayiphathwe ngokuziphatha. Ngokukodwa wayethandwa yiMuses. Oonyana bakaNyukta no-Erebus babenemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo kumntu, kodwa ukubaluleka komntu ngamnye akunakunqandwa.
USigmund Freud wambi wathi: "Injongo yobomi bonke ukufa." Ngokwezigwebo ze-psychoanalyst enkulu, ukukhanga ekutshatyalalisweni nasekubhujisweni kuyinto eqhelekileyo. Ngaphandle koko, ukuphikisana kwamaxesha onke empi kukuchazwe njani? Ndiyabulela ku-Eros - isistim sokuphila, inkcubeko kunye nomgangatho jikelele wokuphila uyaqhubeka. Abantu badibanisana nomnye, amaqela eefom: intsapho, uluntu, urhulumente. Kodwa ubuqhetseba obundlobongela, ubuqhophololo kunye nokutshabalalisa ngokukhawuleza okanye kamva kwenza ukuba uzive. Emva koko kukho enye i-instinct ifakiwe, i-Thanatos. Ngokufa awukwazi ukuhleka usulu, kodwa akufanele ulibale ngalo.