Funda ngezinye zeempawu ezidumileyo apho sabona khona kwaye sichaza "indawo ephantsi".
Uninzi lwabaculi bafaka imizobo yabo efihliweyo, imfihlelo okanye imfucuza abagxeki kunye nezinye iingcali zizama ukuchaza ixesha.
1. I-Hieronymus Bosch, iJardin of Distances, i-1500-1510.
U-Yerun van Aken wasayina imifanekiso yakhe "i-Hieronymus Bosch". Wayeyindoda enokwenza kakuhle kwaye wayelungu lobuzalwana bobuKatolika boMama bakaThixo. Nangona kunjalo, ininzi emva kwe-Erun van Aken yagcina iminwe yakhe iwela, kuba ngokweengcamango zeembali-zembali, uBosch wayexhamle kwaye wayeyilungu leAdamite kwaye ngoko ke wayeyintando ye-Qatari.
Ngaloo mihla, iCawa yamaKatolika yayilwela yonke i-Cathars, kwaye umculi wayenokufihla iinkolelo zakhe. Nangona kunjalo, ngokweengcamango zobugcisa emhlabeni wonke, kwifilimu ethi "Umyezo Wemihlaba Ephakazelisayo" kwakukho imfundiso yakhe eyimfihlo yecawa, apho echazela ngemfundiso yeCathars, eyayibhalwe ngefayile. Kodwa ukuba abemi bexesha lakhe babecinga oku, ke uBosch, ongenalungelo lokulungiswa, uya kutshiswa kwisibonda.
2. I-Tivadar Kostka Chontwari, UmNxwebi Omdala, ngo-1902
Ukuze sikwazi ukucacisa imbono yalo mfanekiso, kwafuneka sidibanise isibuko ngaphakathi. Ngexesha lobomi bomculi, oku akuyona iphazili yomntwana kwaye ayikwazanga ukuyifumana. Kodwa xa abahlaziyi bezobugcisa banamhlanje beza kucinga ngokusebenza ngesibuko, bamangaliswa yinto ababeyibonayo, njengoko umfanekiso omnye ubonakalisa ubuso obuthathu ngexesha elilodwa. Ubokuqala ubuso obunobumba bokuloba, owesibili nowesithathu bubuntu bakhe obufihlakeleyo: idemon (kuboniswe kwiphepha lasekhohlo) kunye nobuhle (kuboniswe kwiphepha elifanelekileyo).
3. Hendrik van Antonissen, Uboniso lolwandle lolwandle lweSuvenvenen, ngo-1641.
Xa umgca ungena kwiimyuziyam njengesipho esivela kumfundisi kunye nomqokeleli wexesha-mali ngowe-1873, ngoko ke emfanekisweni abantu baqokelele kwimimoya emibi bebukele elwandle. Le nto ayizange ikhubekise iinqwenela zeengcali, kuba kwakungekho into ebenokuthi ibhenele abantu emanzini kwimimoya embi.
Imfihlelo yabonakaliswa kamva ngokubuyiselwa ngokucophelela. Xa wayekhanyiswa ngama-ray-ray, umfanekiso wawubonisa isidumbu somngxuma, siphonswa kulo mxwemeni. Kwaye kwacaca ukuba ithatha ingqalelo kubo bonke aba bantu. Emva kokubuyiselwa, i-whale yabonakala kwipayipi, kwaye lo mdwebo waba nomdla ngakumbi, ngoko ke wanikwa indawo ehloniphekileyo kunaphambili. Ngophakamiso lwama-restorers, i-whale yayingasuswa kwaye isatshekishwe ngumculi ngokwakhe, owayecinga ukuba akuyena wonke umntu onokufuna ukucinga ngesidalwa saselwandle esifileyo esithombeni.
4. Leonardo da Vinci, iSidlo sokugqibela, 1495-1498.
Xa umculi wadala lo mdwebo obalaseleyo, uninzi lwazo zonke unakekele ingqalelo kumanani aphezulu - uKristu noYudas. Akazange akwazi ukufumana abahlali abafanelekileyo ixesha elide, kodwa ngelinye ilanga wadibana nomdlali omncinci ekwileni yecawa waza wakopisha umfanekiso kaKristu kuye. Nangona kunjalo, kwafuneka afune umntu ngomfanekiso kaYudas iminyaka engaphezu kwe-3, de kube lo mculi adibana nesidakwa esilala emgodini.
Kwakuyindoda eselula, eyayibukeka ibonakalisa ukudakwa kokunxila. Kwaye, emva kokuba uDadici eqala ukunyamezela ukubhala kunye nomfanekiso kaYudas, umxakile wathi wayesele ambuza iminyaka emithathu edlulileyo. Kwavela ukuba le ndoda ewiweyo yayingumdlali omncinci omncinci owayefuna umfanekiso kaKristu.
5. Rembrandt, Night Watch, 1642
Umzobo omkhulu womculi wafunyanwa kuphela kwi-XIX leminyaka, emva koko wa tyelela iiholo ezidumiweyo zehlabathi phantsi kwesihloko esithi "Night Watch". Wanikezela isihloko esithombeni ngoba kubonakala ngathi amanani akwenza ngokubhekiselele kwimvelaphi emnyama, oko kuthetha - ngobusuku. Kwaye kuphela phakathi kwekhulu lama-20 ababuyisele i-rebuyers bafumanisa ukuba imifanekiso ngamaxesha onke ihlanganiswe ngoluhlu lwe-soot. Emva kokucima umgca wobugcisa, kwacaca ukuba umcimbi wenziwa emini, kuba isithunzi esiwela kwesandla sasekhohlo seCaptain Cock sibonisa ukuba ixesha lezenzo li malunga ne-14.00.
6. UHenri Matisse, iBheti, ngo-1937
Ngowe-1967, umzobo kaHenri Matisse "I-Boat" ka-1937 yaboniswa kwiMyuziyam yaseNew York. Nangona kunjalo, emva kweentsuku ezingama-47, enye yeengcali iqwalasele ukuba imifanekiso ifakwe ngokukhawuleza "yecala". Izinto ezibalulekileyo zesithombe zi-2 iileyile, enye yazo ibonakalisa emanzini. Ngoko, kwinqanaba elungileyo, umkhumbi omkhulu kufuneka ube phezulu, kwaye inqanaba layo lifanele lijonge kwicala eliphezulu lekhoneni.
7. UVincent van Gogh, ozimelayo kunye nethubhu, ngo-1889.
Endlebeni evuliwe yeVan Gogh, iimbali sele zihamba. Abaninzi bathi uyaziqhayisa, kodwa inguqu ekholisayo ngokuthe tye yamukelwa, ukuba indlebe ihlupheke kumculi ngokulwa encinane nomnye umculi - uPaul Gauguin. Imfihlelo yalo mfanekiso kukuba umculi wayezakhela i-self-portrait ekubonakalisweni kwisibuko: indlebe yokunene ibhanjiweyo emfanekisweni, nangona kunjalo yonakaliswe ngendlebe yakhe kwicala lasekhohlo.
8. Grant Wood, American Gothic, 1930
Kulo mzobo waseMerika, lo mfanekiso, ngobuso obubi kunye nobuhlungu babantu base-Iowa, kuthathwa njengento ebandezelekileyo kunye nexinzelelo. Emva kokuba ityhubhu iboniswe eCichicago kwi-Art Institute, abagwebi abazange bamnike umvuzo omkhulu ngokukhawuleza kwaye babalwa njengomfanekiso wesigxina. Nangona kunjalo, umgcini weemyuziyam wayemangaliswa kwaye wayekholelwa ukuba imifanekiso yabemi basekuhlaleni abonakaliswe apha. Wathonya umphumo wokuvavanya kokugqibela, kwaye ekugqibeleni u-Grant Wood wathola umvuzo we-$ 300, emva koko umyuziyam wathengisa lo mfanekiso. Ngoko umfanekiso wawela kumaphephandaba.
Nangona kunjalo, le mfanekiso ayizange ibangele ukuba, njengomgcini weemyuziyam, phakathi kwabemi base-Iowa. Ngokuchasene noko, ulwandle lwamagxeke lwawela kulo msebenzi, kwaye iAivvtsi yacaphukisa kakhulu, ukuba umculi wabonakalisa ebunzima kunye nobunzima. Kamva, lo mculi wachaza ukuba udlula kwilizwe lase-Iowa, wadibana nendlu enomdla obomdla, eyakhiwe kwisitayela sokukhetha i-Gothic, kwaye wanquma ukudala abemi bakhe ngokucinga kwakhe, kwaye akazange afune ukucaphukisa abantu basekuhlaleni.
Umculi wavusa namagama abo bahlala kuyo apho ebhala khona imifanekiso: intombazana engaphethekiyo yayibhala evela kudadewabo, kwaye indoda enqabileyo ekhangeleka ngumbono wamazinyo, onokubukeka ebomini. Nangona kunjalo, uDade Wood wahlala enganelisekile, wathi emfanekisweni wayenokuphosakela ngomfazi kabini indoda endala. Ngako oko, kuphela ngamazwi akhe kukholwa ukuba i-tovas ibonisa uyise kunye nentombi, kodwa umculi akazange akhankanywe kuyo.
9. USalvador Dali, intombi eselula inika iSodom isono ngoncedo lweempondo zobuhlambulu bakhe, ngo-1954.
Kuze kubekho intlanganiso kunye neGala ngoSalvador uDali yayingummiselo kunye nexesha elizeleyo loodadewabo u-Anna Maria. Kwaye ngo-1925 umfanekiso "Umfanekiso nge Window" wapapashwa. Kodwa ngelinye ilanga umculi unesibindi eshiya uphawu oluhlambalaza ngolunye lwemisebenzi yakhe malunga nonina: "Ngamanye amaxesha ndiphalaza kumfanekiso wam mama, kwaye kundivuyisa." Ngenxa yokukhohlisa okunjalo udade awakwazi ukumxolela, emva koko ulwalamano lwabo lwahlahlakala.
Kwaye xa u-Anna Maria ngo-1949 wakhicilela incwadi yakhe ethi "USalvador Dali ngokusebenzisa iNdoda Yamehlo," akazange achaze ukuba umculi uyamncoma, okwenza u-El Salvador ulaka. Kwaye, ngokweengcali, ekubuyiseleni kwodade wencwadi ngo-1954, umculi owenziwe kakubi wadala umfanekiso "Intombazana eselula ezinikela eSodoma isono ngoncedo lwezimpondo zokuzihlambulula kwakhe." Kulo mfanekiso, i-landscape ngaphandle kwewindow, ii-curls ezibomvu kunye nefestile evulekileyo zichanekile kunye nomfanekiso "Umzobo Ngaphandle kwe Window."
10. I-Rembrandt Harmens van Rijn, uDanae, 1636-1647
Ngethuba lomsebenzi wokubuyiselwa kwiminyaka ye-60 ye-20 leminyaka, umfanekiso wawukhanyiswa yi-X ray, emva koko kwaziwa ukuba uDanae unobuso obu-2. Ekuqaleni, ubuso bobukumkani babhalwa emfanekisweni womfazi womculi uSaskia. Nangona kunjalo, umfazi wakhe wafa ngo-1642, kwaye emva kokufa kwakhe, uRebrandt waqala ukuhlala kunye nenkosikazi yakhe uHertie Dirks. Ngako oko, umzobo wagqitywa ngumculi esivela kuye, kwaye ubuso bukaDanae butshintshile, bufana nomfanekiso we-Dirks.
11. ULeonardo da Vinci, umzobo kaMadame Lisa del Giocondo, 1503-1519.
Kwihlabathi lonke, u-Mona Lisa ubonakala ephelele, kwaye ukumamatheka kwakhe kunomusa kwaye kuyimfihlakalo. Imfihlelo yaloo mncumo yazama ukucacisa umculi wezobugcisa kwaye ngokufanayo kunye nodokotela wamazinyo waseMelika uJoseph Borkowski. Ngokweengcamango zakhe zengcali, inkolelo iye yafakwa phambili ukuba "uMongeni omhle" uyamemeza ngokumangalisayo ngenxa yezizathu ezilula - ayinayo amazinyo amaninzi. Ukufunda iziqwenga eziphakanyisiwe zomlomo wakhe, uYosefu wayicinga ukuba amacwecwe ayimjikelezile, ngoko uthi into ethile yenzeke kwi heroine, ngenxa yoko yalahlekelwa ngamanani amaninzi. Kwaye ukumomotheka kwakhe kumntu ongenamazinyo angaphambili.
12. UFerdinand Victor u-Eugene Delacroix, iNkululeko kwiBharricades, ngo-1830
Umbhali-mlando wezobugcisa u-Etienne Julie ukholelwa ukuba umfanekiso woKhululwa ubhalwe kwi-revolutionary edumile yexesha uAnn. Charlotte, owayengumdlali wesisa kunye nomfazi wesigxina. Owesifazane owayeswelekile waya kwimingcipheko waza wabulala amajoni angama-9. Kwilo nyathelo elinamandla, ukufa komntakwabo, owawela ezandleni zabagadi, wamvusa. Isifuba esingenanto kwiNkululeko kwimifanekiso kuthetha ukuba idemokhrasi kunye nenkululeko ngokwalo iyafana nomntu wesinxibe ongenxibe i-corsets.
13. Kazimir Malevich, Black Suprematist Square, 1915
Abanye abantu babonisa amandla amanga kwi-Black Square yeMalevich. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kwavela, umbhali akazange abeke nantoni na imilingo kulo mfanekiso, kwaye imifanekiso yayibizwa ngokuba yi-Battle Battle of Negroes Emgodini Omnyama. Loo nto ibhalwe phantsi ngeengcali zeTaltyakov Gallery.
Isikwere saphenduka singabi sikwere, kuba akukho nhlangothi inqamle enye, kodwa akuyikunyaniseka komculi, kodwa umnqweno wakhe wokudala ifom yefomathi yesimo. Kwaye umnyama ngumphumo wokuxuba imibala yee-shades ezahlukeneyo. Kungenzeka ukuba iMalevich isabela kwisitho somnye umculi uAlphons Alla, owawubumba umxube omnyama, ebiza umsebenzi othi "Imfazwe yamaNigro eMgodini Omnyama Ebusuku."
14. UGustav Klimt, umfanekiso weAdele Bloch-Bauer, 1907
Ngaphandle kwemfihlelo yalo mfanekiso ubala unxantathu wothando phakathi kwenkosikazi yaseBloch-Bauer, indoda yakhe kunye nomculi uKlimt. Umgca wecala kukuba phakathi komfazi wesiganeli soshukela kunye nomculi othandwayo kule minyaka, u-romance romance ujikeleze, kwaye mhlawumbi yonke iVienna yazi malunga nayo.
Xa ezi ndaba zafika kumyeni ka-Adele Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer, wagqiba ekubeni aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde amthande.
Ukubethelwa ngumngcatshi wakhe, uMnu. Bloch-Bauer wabuyela kumthandi wakhe uGustav Klimt ngomyalelo: ukubhala umzobo womfazi wakhe. I-tycoon enobuqhetseba yenza isigqibo sokuba uya kukhanyela imifanekiso yomfazi wayo, kwaye umculi uza kufuneka enze amakhulu emifanekiso emitsha. Kwaye oku kuyimfuneko ukuba isicatshulwa siphume kwi-model Adele Bloch-Bauer. Emva koko u-Adele kufuneka abone indlela uKlimt ayithandayo ngayo ukutshabalalisa kwakhe, kwaye inoveli iya kuphela.Ngenxa yoko, isicwangciso esichukumisayo sikaFerdinand sasebenza njengoko wayecwangcisile, kwaye emva kokubhala abathandi bokugqibela bezithombe bahlukana ngonaphakade. Nangona kunjalo, uAdélie wayengazi ukuba umyeni wakhe wayazi izinto zakhe zothando kunye nomculi.
15. UPaul Gauguin, Sivela phi? Ngoobani thina? Siya kuphi?, 1897-1898.
Lo mfanekiso wawuguqulwa ebomini bomculi, nokuba kunjalo, wambuyisela ebomini, emva kokuzibulala. Wabhala umsebenzi eTahiti, apho ngezinye amaxesha wayebalekela kwimpucuko. Kodwa ngeli xesha izinto azizange zenzeke ngokuthe tye: ukuhlala kwintlupheko kuye kwazisa umculi ocinga ukuba unxinzelelo olunzulu.
Wagqiba ukupenda njengesivumelwane kuluntu, kwaye xa umgca wobugcisa wawugqityiwe, umculi onqwenelayo waya ezintabeni ngebhokisi ye-arsenic ukuze aphelise ubomi bakhe. Nangona kunjalo, akazange abale idosi kwaye, ngokukrakra ngentlungu, wabuyela ekhaya waza walala. Emva kokuvuswa nokuqonda ngesenzo sakhe, umculi wabuyela ekudeni kwakhe kwangaphambili ubomi, kwaye xa ebuyela ekhaya yonke into yayingokwemvelo, ukuqala kwendalo kwakha, kwaye izinto zenyuka.
Imfihlelo yalo mfanekiso kukuba kufuneka ifundwe ukusuka ngasekunene ukuya kwesobunxele, njengemibhalo yombhalo eyabhalwa ngumlobi wepeyinti. Umsebenzi uchaza ngobomi bokomoya nangokwenyama bomntu ukususela ekuzalweni ukuya ekufeni (ekhoneni elingezantsi lasekunene umntwana uthathwa njengesimboli sokuzalwa, kunye nekona elingezansi elisekhohlo - ubudala kunye nentaka inobungozi njengesimboli sokufa).
16. UPeter Bruegel umdala, izalathisi zaseDatshi, ngo-1559
Lo mboniso wobugcisa oqulethekileyo uqulethe ngokwawo okanye ungaphantsi, kodwa malunga neetel 112. Abanye babo bathetha ngobudenge bomntu. Abaninzi bafanelekileyo kulo mhla: "baxhobile emazinyeni", "bahamba ngomkhumbi ngoku."
17. UPaul Gauguin, iBroton Village phantsi kwe-Snow, ngo-1894.
Lo mfanekiso ubonisa ubunzulu bombono womntu, njengoko ubugcisa bungabonwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngethuba lokuqala i-tovas yayithengiswa emva kokufa komculi kwintengiso ngeentlanzi ezisixhenxe ezibizwa ngokuba yi "Niagara Falls". Kwaye kwenzeka ukuba umququzeleli weeyunivesithi wayibophelela phezulu phezulu ngeenyawo zakhe waza wabona impompo emfanekisweni, kungekhona idolophana, ehlanganiswe ngekhephu.
18. UPablo Picasso, Igumbi eliBlue, ngo-1901
Isisombululo salo mfanekiso siphumelele kubabhali bezobugcisa kuphela ngo-2008, emva kokukhanyiswa yimisebe ye-infrared. Emva koko, umfanekiso wesibini okanye, mhlawumbi, owokuqala wafunyanwa. Ngaphantsi komfanekiso ophezulu wowesifazane egumbini elibhakabhaka, umfanekiso wendoda egqoke i-suit kunye neflyflyfly, ebeka intloko ngesandla sakhe, yabonakala ngokucacileyo.
Ngokweengcali uPatricia Favero, xa uPicasso wayephefumlelwe, wakhawuleza wambamba i-brush waza waqala ukudweba. Kwaye, mhlawumbi, ngomzuzwana olandelayo, xa umnyuzi wamvakatyelela, umculi wayengenanto engenanto, kwaye waqala ukupenda umfanekiso omtsha ngaphezu komnye, okanye uPablo wayengenayo imali yokufumana izinto ezintsha.
19. Michelangelo, Ukudala kukaAdam, 1511
Lo mfanekiso unokuthiwa isifundo se-anatomy. Ngoko, ngokweenzululwazi zaseMerika kwi-neuroanatomy, umfanekiso ubonisa ubuchopho obukhulu ngeendawo ezibonakalayo ngokucacileyo, umzekelo, i-pituitary gland, i-cerebellum, i-optic nerve kunye ne-artebral artery, eboniswa njengebhanki eluhlaza.
20. Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, uLutnist, 1596
Lo mfanekiso uboniswe kwiHermitage ixesha elide phantsi kwegama elithi "Lutnistka". Nangona kunjalo, kwisahlulo sokuqala senkulungwane ye-20, izazi-mlando zobugcisa kunye neengcali zifumanisa ukuba umfanekiso ubonisa intombazana, kungekhona intombazana. Kule ngcamango baqhutywe ngamanqaku ahlala phambi komfanekiso womntu. Baya kubona i-bass party yamadoda kaMadrigal Jacob Arkademt "Uyazi ukuba ndikuthanda." Ngenxa yoko, akunakwenzeka ukuba ibhinqa liza kukhetha ukucula.
Ukongezelela, ngexesha lobomi bomculi isilwanyana kunye ne-violin, ezibonakaliswe kwinqanawa, zazicingwa kuphela izixhobo zomculo zesilisa. Emva kwesi sigqibo, umfanekiso uboniswe phantsi kwegama elithi "Lutnist".