I-Cocaine kunokuba i-anesthetizing kunye nokuphatha nge-mercury: oogqirha baye bafihla yonke inyaniso ngokuphathelele unyango kwizibhedlele!
Kwiinkalo zembali yoluntu, sinokufumana iinkcukacha ezingaqhelekanga, enye ekuthethwa ngayo ebangela ukuba kudibaniswe ngokwenene phakathi kwabantu. Ngoko, umzekelo, iindlela zonyango, ezazifudume zithandwa ngabaqeqeshi bezobugqirha kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo, namhlanje zibonakala zihlekisiwe ngabantu abagulayo abafake izicelo ngabo.
1. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cocaine kunye ne-opium njenge-analgesic
Kakade ke, iziyobisi zonyango zisasetyenziselwa oogqirha kwiimeko ezinzima. Kodwa ukuba ngoku ziphantsi kolawulo oluqinileyo, ngoko-ke i-painkiller ethandwa kakhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lokugqibela-i-cocaine, yayimiselwe ukuxinezeleka, intlungu emancinci, iinkqubo zokuvuvukala. I-Cocaine yaba yinto ethandwayo, ngenxa yokuba i-optometrist yaseAustria uKarl Kohler yafumanisa iimpawu zayo ze-anesthetic kwaye yaphakamisa ukuba abasemagunyeni bathengise i-cocaine ngokukhululekileyo ngokusebenzisa iifommesi ngexabiso eliphantsi. Kwii-pharmacy zaseMelika zithengwa i-5-10 cents, kwaye ngoko ke yaziwa kakhulu phakathi kwamakhoboka amnyama. Abanikazi babo babevuyiswe ngendlela leziyobisi ezisebenza ngayo. Akunjalo kuphela: izazinzulu zezopolitiko kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-XX leminyaka yabhala:
"I-Cocaine iqinisa umoya wamaMerika ngeqhinga labo namandla."
2. Ukutya i-mercury
Ibali lokuqala elithi mercury liyanceda kakhulu umzimba womntu, owaqulunqwa yiYiputa yamandulo. Bakholelwa ukuba into enetyhefu ingayikhupha umoya obi emzimbeni okanye ibenciphise impembelelo yayo kwixhoba kwaye iphoqe bonke abagulayo ukuba baphuze i-mercury baze badibanise kuyo imizimba yamagqirha anamandla. Phakathi neMinyaka Ephakathi, abalandeli abazange banciphise: ngokuchasene noko, ngokufika kwezifo zenyama, i-mercury njengamayeza aphinde ahlambuluke. Kuthiwa uncedise ukukrazula "isifo esithandekayo" - isifo se-syphilis. Inyaniso yokuba isiguli asizange sinyamezele unyango ngetyhefu enamandla kunabo bonke, ngokutsho koogqirha bexesha elidlulileyo, babonisa nje ukuba uza kudala. Akumangalisi kukuba, phantse zonke izigulane zafa, kwaye abasindileyo - bahlushwa yingqondo.
3. Ukuhlamba
UHippocrates, omnye oogqirha abadumileyo bexesha elidlulileyo, wenyuka ngombono onqabileyo wokuthi igazi lomzimba womntu, i-mucus kunye ne-bile kufuneka ihlale ilinganayo. Isizathu sazo zonke izifo ezaziwayo, wayekholelwa ukuphulwa kwalo mlinganiso, owawuza kuphathwa ngegazi ngeela. Nokuba into yokuba isiguli sasingasoloko saphila emva kokuba le nkqubo ayizange imise uHippocrates kunye nabalandeli bakhe abaye baphela kwada kwaphela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-14.
4. Hydrotherapy
Kwii-XVI-XVII iinkulungwane zamantombazana amancinci kunye namadoda amancinci aphakanyiswa kakhulu ngale ndlela yokukrazula kwimisebenzi yasekhaya, imitshato engalingani kunye nezifundo, njengama-hysterics. Oogqirha abanokwenza ngokukhawuleza baqulunqa indlela yokunyanga abagxeki: isigulane okanye umntu ogulayo wafakwa kwindawo yokubanda yamanzi abandayo okanye athululelwa entloko ukuya enyaweni. Eli liyeza lisebenza kakuhle, kodwa lenza kuphela ngenxa yokuba akukho mntu wayefuna ukuvakalelwa kwakhona.
5. Ukusetyenziswa kweegundlo ezifayo kunye nokuveliswa kwamathandabu othintekayo
Izilwanyana kumazwe amaninzi ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo zasebenza njengamayeza kubantu. E-Elizabethan ngexesha laseNgilani, oogqirha banquma ukuba iifostile ezifileyo ziphethe iimpahla zokubuyisela nokuphulukisa. Amacwecwe atyunjiweyo ayetyenziswe ukuvula amanxeba, kwaye ngaphakathi babesebenzisa i-paste kwiimvilini zabo ukuzolalisa ukuzinyuka kwamazinyo okanye ukuvutha kwamanzi.
6. Ukutshaliswa kwamathambo kwizilwanyana
Kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-20, udokotela wesigqirha waseRussia uSerge Voronoff wanyanzelwa ukuba ahambe eFransi, kuba asebenza nabo baseRashiya baseRussia abazange bahlanganyele nembono yakhe ngokuhlinzwa. USerge wayekholelwa ukuba waqulunqa indlela yakhe yokutshintshela amalungu omzimba wesini, enikela abameli bezesondo eziqinileyo ulutsha lwesibini. Ekuqaleni wazama ukutshalisa amathandle alabo babetyala ngokubulawa ngabazityebi, kodwa bahluleka kumadoda alala, kodwa le ndlela yayingasebenzi. USerge wathuthela eParis, apho yena ngokwakhe wasasaza khona umxholo othi ukufakelwa kwethambo kumathambo kuya kuvuselela umzimba kwaye kuphakanyiswe izinga lokusebenzisa. Ngoku ke wayifakela iingqungquthela zeenkwenkwezi, kodwa izigulane ezithembekileyo zaziqonda ngokukhawuleza ukuba imimangaliso ayenzeki.
7. I-Orgasmotherapy
Izibhengezo zaqala ukuveliswa kungekhona kwizinto zokuzonwabisa zentombi. Ngekhulu le-XIX, oogqirha babecinga kakhulu ukuba ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo kunokunyanga umfazi onamahlazo kunye nokuxhamla. Okokuqala bafaka ioli yeemifuno kwizitho zomzimba zegulane baze baxhatshaza kwada kwafika amantombazana. Kodwa ke oogqirha baqala ukukhalaza ngokugqithiseleyo ukuba le nkqubo inzima kakhulu kubo - kwaye izazinzulu zasiza. Umatshini, kwaye kamva nemigodi yesondo yombane igxothe imfuno yokuba "umsebenzi".
8. Inyoka yomgodi
Kwiminyaka emininzi, nasiphi na isifo esingenakuqondakala, oogqirha baphatha ukukhwabanisa, bakholelwa ukuba, emva kokuba bexoshe imimoya emibi, unokukhupha umxhasi. Ukubethusa, izigulane azizange zithanjiswe ngamanzi abandayo okanye zanikwa i-mercury: akukho nto yayithandwayo yindlela yokugcina umntu phezu komgodi ngeenyoka ezinetyhefu. Kwakucingelwa ukuba imimoya yayiya kubayika kwaye ishiye umzimba wexhoba ngokukhawuleza.
9. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamandla
Unyango lwe-electroconvulsive lugabisa kakhulu kangangokuthi luyakwazi ukubonwa kwifilimu nganye yesibini. Kwakuqhakaza kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-20 leminyaka, xa izigulane kwizibhedlele zengqondo zihlala zithotyelwa kwintsholongwane yombane ngomzimba. Ukunika lo mkhuba ukusebenzisa, oogqirha babechule - benza kube lula kubo, kungekhona kwabagulayo. I-"day treatment" yamathuba amaninzi kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwamagaleka aphendukile kwizinto ezibuthakathaka, abangazange bajonge kwaye bachithe imali kwiziyobisi ezibizayo kubo.
10. I-Lobotomy
Namhlanje, kunzima ukukholelwa ukuba i-lobotomy, kunye ne-electroshock therapy, yayisandelwa njengendlela yokwenza unyango. Kugqirha owayidalayo, isiNgesi sase-Portugal sase-Egash Monish sanikwa i-Nobel Prize. Wayekwazi ukukholisa uluntu lonke lwesayensi ukuba ngokususa i-lobes yangaphambili yengqondo kunokwenzeka ukuba isombulule ingxaki yezifo zesimiso se-nervous.
Ugqirha waseMerika uWalter Freeman wamkela ingcamango yakhe waza waqala ukuqhubela phambili kwilizwe "kwi-lobotomobile", enikezela ngokukhawuleza kwabo bonke abahluphekileyo kunye nokunye ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo yokutya. UWalter akazange anqumle i-lobes yangaphambili: wazisa iqela ukuze aqhube iqhwa kwi-eye socket kwaye awanqande iimbilini. Kuwuphi na umzi wase-US apho wa tyelela khona, kukho abantu ababebukeka behamba befile, bengenako ukucinga ngokucokisekileyo. Emva kokukrakra okukhulu, indlela yokukhawuleza iphelile.