Impucuko yeMeya enhle, eyenziwe ngaphambi kwexesha lethu, ishiye iimfihlelo ezininzi. Kuyaziwa ngokubhala kwayo kunye nophuhliso, izibalo, ubugcisa, isayensi yeenkwenkwezi. Ikhalenda eyaziwayo yaseMeya yayinemeko echanekileyo. Kwaye akusiyo ilifa elipheleleyo ama-Indiya awashiya ngasemva, owaba ngudumo njengelinye leentlanga eziphakamileyo kunye nezikhohlakeleyo kwihlabathi.
Ngoobani amaMaya?
Abantu baseMaya bamandulo base-Indiya, ababehlala ekupheleni kwe-1 millennium BC. - II millennium AD Abaphandi bathi inani labo lingaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu zabantu. Bahlala emanzini emvula, bakhela izixeko zamatye kunye ne-limestone, kwaye ezolimo zahlakulela elincinane kulo mhlaba, apho bahlakulela khona ummbila, ithanga, iimbotyi, i-cocoa, i-cotton neziqhamo. Inzala yamaMaya ngaba amaNdiya aseMbindi yaseMelika kunye nenxalenye yabantu baseSpeyin belizwe laseMexico.
Bahlala phi amaMaya adala?
Isizwe esikhulu samaMaya sahlala kwindawo eninzi yeMexico, eBelize naseGuatemala, entshonalanga yeHonduras ne-El Salvador (eMbindi yaseMerika). Iziko lokuphuhlisa impucuko lalisenyakatho. Ekubeni umhlabathi uphelile ngokukhawuleza, abantu baphoqeleka ukuba bathuthe, batshintshe iindawo zokuhlala. Amazwe ahlalayo ahlukeneyo ngeendawo ezahlukeneyo zemvelo:
- kwinqanawa elisenyakatho ye-limestone iPeten, apho kwakufudumala khona ukufudumala kwesimo sezulu, kunye neAlta Verapaz;
- kumzantsi - udidi lweentaba-mlilo kunye namahlathi e-coniferous;
- imilambo ehamba emadeni aseMaya athatha amanzi ayo kwiGulf of Mexico naseLwandle lweCaribbean;
- kwi-peninsula yaseYucatan, apho ityuwa yachithwa, imozulu yinkomfa.
Impucuko yamaMaya - impumelelo
Inkcubeko yamaMaya ngezindlela ezininzi sele idlule ixesha layo. Sekudala kwi-400-250. BC abantu baqala ukwakha izakhiwo ezinkulu kunye nezakhiwo zobugcisa, bafikelele kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kwizesayensi (i-astronomy, mathematics), ezolimo. Kwixesha elibizwa ngokuba yi-classical period (ukusuka ku-300 ukuya ku-900 AD), impucuko yamaMaya yakudala yafikelela kwinqanaba layo. Abantu baphucula ubugcisa bokudweba kwi-jade, ukudweba nokudweba ubugcisa, bebukele iinkwenkwezi zasezulwini, baqala ukubhala. Impumelelo yamaMaya iyamangalisa.
I-Architecture yamaMaya mandulo
Ngethuba lexesha, bengenalo iteknoloji yamanje, abantu basekudala bakha izakhiwo ezimangalisayo. Izinto eziphambili zokwakha kwakuyi-limestone, apho i powder yenziwa khona kwaye isisombululo esifana nesamente saqulunqwa. Ngoncedo lwayo lwalunamisa iibhloko zetye, kunye neendonga ze-limestone zazikhuseleke ngokunyanisekileyo kumswakama nomoya. Ingxenye ebalulekileyo yazo zonke izakhiwo yayibizwa ngokuba yi "Mayan arch", isalathisi sobuxoki - uhlobo lokunciphisa uphahla. Ulwakhiwo lwaluhluke ngokwelo xesha:
- Izakhiwo zokuqala zaziyiindawo zokuhlala, zibekwe kwiipulatifomu eziphantsi, zikhusela kwizikhukhula.
- Iipiramidi zokuqala zaseMeyi zazihlanganiswa ukusuka kwiindawo ezininzi eziphakamileyo, ziphakanyisiwe enye phezulu.
- Kwiminyaka yobudala yokuphuhliswa kwenkcubeko kuyo yonke indawo yakhiwa i-acropolis - i-complexes, ezibandakanya iipiramidi, iindonga zamakhosi, kunye neendawo zokudlala.
- Amapiramidi yamandulo aseMean afikelela kumitha engama-60 ngokuphakama kwaye afana nentaba ebomini. Kwimathempelini yabo ephakamileyo yayakhiwe - kufuphi, ingenayo iifestile, izindlu zesikwere.
- Kwezinye iidolophini, kwakukho iziganeko zokujikeleza iinqaba zokuhamba kunye negumbi lokugcina inyanga, ilanga kunye neenkwenkwezi.
Ikhalenda yempucuko yamaMaya
Isikhundla sidlala indima enkulu ebomini bezizwe zakudala, kwaye iziphumo eziphambili zeMaya zihlobene ngokuthe ngqo. Ngokusekelwe kwimijikelezo emibini yaminyaka yonke, isicwangciso sexesha senziwa. Ukuqwalaselwa kwexesha elide, ikhalenda ye-Long Count yasetyenziswa. Ngamaxesha ambalwa, impucuko yamaMaya yayineekhalenda ezininzi zeSolar:
- unqulo (apho kunyaka lweentsuku ezingama-260 lugqiba) lunento ebalulekileyo;
- ezisebenzayo (iintsuku ezingama-365) zisetyenziselwa ubomi bemihla ngemihla;
- ukulandelana kwexesha (iintsuku ezingama-360).
Iinqwelo zamandulo aseMaya
Ngokuphathelele izixhobo kunye nezixhobo zokulwa, impucuko yamaMaya yakudala ayikwazanga ukufikelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo. Kuzo zonke iikholeji zobomi, abazange batshintshe kakhulu, kuba ixesha elininzi kunye nemigudu yamaMaya azinikele ekuphuculeni ubugcisa bempi. Kwiimfazwe kunye nokuzingela izixhobo ezilandelayo zazisetyenziswa:
- Intetho (ende, inde kunomntu, kunye nesitye samatye);
- kop'emetalka - unamathele ngokugxininisa;
- imida;
- iindlobo neentolo;
- umpu;
- iisethi;
- maqhina;
- iqela;
- sling;
- umnatha.
Imifanekiso yamaMaya asendulo
Inkqubo yokubala inani lamaMaya lasendulo yayisekelwe kwinkqubo engavamile yomntu wanamhlanje kwindlela yeshumi. Imvelaphi yayo yindlela yokubala, apho yonke iminwe neenzwane zazisetyenziswa. AmaNdiya ayenomxholo weebhloko ezine kunye namanani amahlanu ngamnye. I-Zero yayimelwe ngesimemo ngendlela yegobolondo ye-oyster eyonakalisiwe. Lo mqondiso uphinde ubonise ukungapheli. Ukurekhoda amanani asele, sasebenzisa ubhontshisi be-cocoa, amacwecwe amancinci, iintonga, ekubeni amanani amele ukudibanisa amachaphaza kunye nokuhlabalala. Ngo kuncedwa kwezinto ezintathu, naliphi na inombolo yabhalwa:
- iphuzu liyunithi,
- uphawu luhlanu;
- iqula liyi-zero.
Amachiza amaMaya asendulo
Kuyaziwa ukuba iMaya yamandulo yakha impucuko ephucukileyo kwaye yazama ukunyamekela bonke abazalwana. Ulwazi lokulondolozwa kococeko kunye nempilo, isetyenziswe ngokwenza, iphakamise amaNdiya ngaphezu kwezinye izizwana zelo xesha. Imiba yeyeza yayingabantu abaqeqeshwe ngokukhethekileyo. Oogqirha bachane ngokuchanekileyo izifo ezininzi (kubandakanya isifo sofuba, izilonda, i-asthma, njl njl.) Kwaye balwa nabo ngamachiza, iibhafu, i-inhalation. Izithako zamachiza zi:
- ingca;
- inyama, isikhumba, imisila, iimpondo zezilwanyana;
- iintsiba zeentaka;
- izixhobo zesandla - ukungcola, inkunkuma.
Amanqanaba aphakamileyo kubantu bamaMaya bafikelela kwiizinyo kunye nokuhlinzwa. Ngombulelo wemibingelelo yaseNdiya, i-anatomy yabantu yayaziwa, kwaye oogqirha bakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ebusweni nasemzimbeni. Iindawo ezichaphazelekayo okanye ezo apho kwakukho ukukrokra ukukhukhumeza kwasuswa ngommese, amanxeba ahlanjwe ngenaliti enezinwele endaweni yomtya, kunye nezidakamizwa zazisetyenziswa njenge-anesthesia. Ukuqatshelwa kweentlobo zonyango luhlobo lwempahla yamandulo yaseMeya, enokuthi iyakuthandwa.
Ubugcisa beMaya yamandulo
Inkcubeko yamacandelo amaninzi aseMaya yenziwa phantsi kweempembelelo zendawo yokuhlala kwezinye iindawo: ii-Olmec neToltecs. Kodwa uyamangalisa, ngokungafani nanye nawuphi na. Yiyiphi eyodwa impucuko yamaMaya kunye nobugcisa bayo? Zonke i-subspecies zajoliswa kwi-elite esilawulayo, oko kukuthi, zadalwa ukuze zikholise ookumkani ukuze zikhangele. Ngandlela-thile ixhala ngeendawo zokwakha. Enye into: umzamo wokudala umfanekiso wendalo yonke, ikopi eyancitshisiwe. Ngoko iMaya yamemezela ukuvisisana kwabo nehlabathi. Izixhobo ze-subspecies zobugcisa zachazwa kwezi zilandelayo:
- Umculo wawudityaniswe nxamnye nenkolo. Kwakukho noothixo abakhethekileyo abanoxanduva lomculo.
- Ubugcisa obudlulileyo bufikelele kwinani lalo, abadlali bezobuchwephesha kwiindawo zabo.
- Ipeyinti yayininzi ngokupenda kwidonga. Imizobo yayinokwenkolo okanye yembali.
- Izihloko eziphambili zobunqwanqwa zizithixo, abafundisi, amakhosi. Ngoxa abantu abaqhelekileyo babonakaliswa ngendlela ethobekileyo.
- Ukuhlamba kwaveliswa eMbusweni wamaMaya. Izambatho kuxhomekeke kwisini kunye nesimo sahluke kakhulu. Ngeempahla zabo ezilungileyo, abantu bathengisa nezinye iintlanga.
Iphi impucuko yeMeya yalalaphi?
Enye yezinto eziphambili abachazi-mlando nabaphandi abanomdla kuzo: njani kwaye zeziphi izizathu ezenze ukuba ubukumkani obuphumelelayo buwe? Ukutshatyalaliswa kwempucuko yamaMaya yaqala ngekhulu le-9 AD. Kwimimandla esezantsi, abantu baqala ukuhlawuleza ngokukhawuleza, iinkqubo zokubonelela kwamanzi zazingeneli. Abantu bashiya amakhaya abo, kwaye kwakhiwa izixeko ezintsha. Oku kwakhokelela ekwenzeni ukuba emva kokuba ubukhosi obukhulu bube yindawo yokuhlala eyahlukeneyo elwa imfazwe. Ngowe-1528, amaSpain aqala ukuyiswa kweYucatan kunye nekhulu le-17 ngokupheleleyo.
Kwakutheni ukuze imiphakathi yamaMaya iphele?
Kuze kube ngoku, abaphandi baphikisa ukuba yimbangela yokufa kwenkcubeko enkulu. Kukho iingcamango ezimbini:
- Ecological, ngokusekelwe kumyinge womntu kunye nendalo. Ukuxhatshazwa kwexesha elide lomhlaba kubangele ukutshabalalisa kwabo, okubangela ukuba kunqongophala kokutya kunye namanzi okusela.
- Engekho kwendalo. Ngokwale ngqungquthela, ubukhosi buya kuwela ngenxa yokuguquka kwemozulu, ubhubhane, ukunqoba okanye uhlobo oluthile lwenhlekelele. Ngokomzekelo, abanye abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba amaNdiya aseMaya aya kufa nangenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu encinane (ukoma, izikhukhula).
Impucuko yeMeya - inyaniso enomdla
Akukhona kuphela ukunyamalala, kodwa kunye nezinye iimbalo zomphumo weMeya zisasaza iimbali-mlando. Indawo yokugqibela apho kubhalwe khona ubomi besizwe: ngasenyakatho yeGuatemala. Ngokumalunga nembali kunye neenkcubeko ngoku zichazela kuphela ukucandwa kwezinto zakudala kwaye ngokutsho kwazo unokuqokelela iinkcukacha ezithandekayo malunga nempucuko yasendulo:
- Abantu abavela kwisizwe samaMaya babethanda ukuphuma kwindawo yokuhlambela baze baxoshe ibhola. Le midlalo yayingumxube webhakballball kunye nombhoxo, kodwa ngeemiphumo embi kakhulu - abalahlekelwayo babingelela.
- UMaya wayenombono ongaqhelekanga wobuhle, umzekelo, "ngefestile" wayelumkile amehlo, atyhola iimbombo kunye neentloko zemilo. Ukwenza oku, oomama ukususela ebuntwaneni bayibeka ingqungqwana yomntwana kwi-vice yokhuni kwaye baxilise izinto phambi kwamehlo abo ukufezekisa i-strabismus.
- Izifundo ziye zabonisa ukuba okhokho bempucuko yamaMaya aphakamileyo kakhulu aphila, kwaye kukho ubuncinane izigidi ezi-7 kuwo wonke umhlaba.
Iincwadi malunga nempucuko yamaMaya
Ukuqhaqha kunye nokunciphisa ubukhosi, iipuzzle ezingachazwanga zixelela imisebenzi eminingi yabalobi bexesha elivela eRashiya nakwamanye amazwe. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi malunga nabantu abadakileyo, unokufunda iincwadi ezilandelayo malunga nempucuko yamaMaya:
- "Abantu baseMaya." Alberto Rus.
- "Imfihlelo yezinto ezilahlekileyo". V.I. Gulyaev.
- "AmaMaya. Ubomi, unqulo, inkcubeko. " URalph Whitlock.
- "AmaMaya. Impucuko. Imithetho kunye neenyaniso ". Michael Co.
- I-Encyclopedia "Ihlabathi Elilahlekileyo LamaMaya".
Impucuko yeMeya yashiya emva kwemiphumo eninzi yenkcubeko kunye neminye imfihlelo engaqinisekanga. Nangona i-issue of its occurrence and downline yayingaphendulwa. Mane ubeke phambili. Ngomzamo wokufumanisa iimfihlelo ezininzi, abaphandi bafumana ezinye iimfihlelo. Enye yezona nkcubeko ezidlulileyo zexesha elidala zihlala ziyimfihlelo kwaye zikhangeleka.